At the first Oriental International Infection Week held on April 1st, whether there will be a new round of infection in COVID-19 caused a heated discussion.

　　Most experts attending the meeting believe that COVID-19 will continue to exist, but the probability of a large-scale outbreak is very small.

　　There are still sporadic cases in COVID-19,There is a need for antiviral treatment.

　　Niu Junqi, director of the Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogenic Organisms of the First Hospital of Jilin University, quoted data at the forum, saying that since December 9, 2022, the positive number and positive rate of Covid-19 nucleic acid detection among the reporting population in various provinces showed a trend of increasing at first and then decreasing. As of March 16th this year, the positive rate of nucleic acid detection in COVID-19 was 0.8%.

　　Niu Junqi said: "At present, there are still sporadic cases of COVID-19, and there is actual demand for anti-Covid-19 treatment. The national policy suggests that medical institutions reserve COVID-19 antiviral drugs."

　　Yuan Guoyong, a professor of microbiology at the University of Hong Kong, published an article on March 23rd, saying: "With the characteristics of this microorganism (Covid-19), we must be prepared. If we don’t make preparations, we will pay a huge price."

　　In this regard, Niu Junqi believes that from the characteristics of reinfection and breakthrough infection of the new crown, neutralizing antibodies will appear and rise rapidly after reinfection, and the course of disease will be shortened, and it will be mainly asymptomatic and mild.

　　Jiang Rongmeng, vice president of beijing ditan hospital, said: "The prevention and control of COVID-19 and influenza must be prepared, monitored and non-pharmaceutical interventions; There must also be antiviral drugs; There must be various forms of vaccines available. "

　　Professor Liu Yingxia from the National Center for Clinical Medicine of Infectious Diseases of the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen quoted Nature as saying that the virus continues to mutate, and there is still the risk of COVID-19 mutant with unknown severity.

　　Professor Ning Yi from the School of Public Health of Hainan Medical College said: "Reinfection is very important for the future epidemic. However, at present, there are few studies on the protection against reinfection after infection with Omicron mutant, and whether the first infection is immune to the second infection in Omicron remains to be further studied. "

　　Ning Yi disclosed the data of a study in Hainan Province, which showed that the protection rate of the first infection for reinfection was about 77%, and the protection rate for severe cases was about 94.5%. However, he stressed that these results are dynamic and can be used to predict the infection situation in 3-4 months.

　　Wang Guiqiang, director of the Department of Infectious Diseases of the First Hospital of Peking University, also said that reinfection is mainly related to the breakthrough infection of the mutant, which is directly related to the antibody immunity level in the human body.

　　A second outbreak is unlikely.High-risk groups still need to be vaccinated

　　Professor Lu Fengmin from School of Basic Medicine of Peking University published an article in EMI (Emerging Microbes and Infections) magazine last month, arguing that the peak of COVID-19 infection in China last December, together with the population immunity obtained by vaccination, will provide some protection against COVID-19 infection in about six months. Lu Fengmin told the First Financial Reporter: "From the data of the United States, after the big infection peak in Omicron last year, the recent infection gradually tended to be flat. We think it is unlikely that there will be a second wave of large-scale epidemic outbreaks in China."

　　Professor Huang Ailong, the president of Chongqing Medical University, also told the First Financial Reporter: "The immune barrier that has been established rapidly in a short time in China should be able to put some uninfected ’ Survivor ’ Protect it. "

　　According to the latest forecast of Huang Senzhong of the Institute of Public Health and Wellness of Nankai University, assuming that there is no new infection tide induced by new mutants except BA.5.2 and BF.7, the domestic COVID-19 epidemic will remain in a "low epidemic" state by the end of 2023. He believes that, on the whole, from the end of July, it is necessary to closely monitor whether there is a large increase in the number of infected people in COVID-19.

　　This week, the World Health Organization adjusted its recommendations on vaccination in COVID-19, believing that the future vaccination work will focus on high-risk groups. In this regard, domestic experts also said that healthy adults, children and adolescents who have been infected with COVID-19 and have been vaccinated with the whole COVID-19 vaccine do not need to be vaccinated with new booster shots for the time being.

　　"The immune protection obtained by the original vaccination plus natural infection should be relatively high, and there is little chance of reinfection in at least half a year." Wang Xinyu, deputy chief physician of the Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, told the First Financial Reporter, "On the other hand, if you vaccinate the next booster vaccine, it is best to vaccinate the Omicron mutant."

　　Most experts believe that although the group immune barrier has been established in COVID-19, local and sporadic infections will continue for some time, so it is still necessary to vaccinate vulnerable groups such as the elderly.

　　"We still need to make a good vaccination plan, especially for the elderly and other people with low immune system. Once these people are infected with COVID-19, the secondary infection and complications will bring great challenges to treatment." Professor Zhong Ming, director of the Department of Critical Care Medicine of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, told the First Financial Reporter.

　　After the decision to improve the electoral system in the China Special Administrative Region was passed by a high vote of the highest authority, some western countries could not sit still. On the 12th local time, the foreign ministers of the Group of Seven (G7) threw out a so-called statement, once again under the guise of "democracy", accusing Beijing of "undermining Hong Kong’s high degree of autonomy" and "deviating from Hong Kong’s goal of achieving universal suffrage", and unreasonably demanding China to act in accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration.

　　Anyone who knows a little about Hong Kong’s history and reality can see that these accusations are lip service. It is precisely those anti-China chaotic Hong Kong elements who exploit loopholes in Hong Kong’s electoral system and the anti-China forces behind them that are the bane of undermining Hong Kong’s democracy and social development.

　　Looking back at history, during the more than 150 years of British colonization, the people of Hong Kong were subjected to political repression, and they did not even have the right to March in the streets, and there was no democracy at all. Thanks to the implementation of the principles of "one country, two systems", "Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong" and a high degree of autonomy, Hong Kong people have truly become masters of their own affairs and enjoyed unprecedented democratic rights and freedoms.

　　It should be pointed out that since the policy of "one country, two systems" was put forward, its fundamental purpose is to safeguard national unity and territorial integrity and maintain Hong Kong’s prosperity and stability. In other words, "one country" is the premise and foundation of "two systems". The Central Government of China exercises full governance over Hong Kong in accordance with the Constitution and the Basic Law of Hong Kong, and Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of autonomy under the authorization of the Central Government.

　　As the highest authority in China, the National People’s Congress (NPC) has improved the electoral system of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) from the constitutional level, with the aim of plugging the loopholes in national security risks, protecting the political stability of the SAR, and enabling the SAR government to concentrate on improving people’s livelihood and developing the economy. This move has nothing to do with the so-called "destruction of a high degree of autonomy". On the contrary, this move is conducive to promoting the gradual development of Hong Kong’s democratic system and better ensuring Hong Kong’s high degree of autonomy.

　　Taking the implementation of the principle of "patriots ruling Hong Kong" as an example, its purpose is to exclude anti-China chaos elements from the governance structure of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and to make Hong Kong’s political arena clear. This does not mean that all opposition parties in Hong Kong are excluded from the governance structure. Those who love their country and Hong Kong can still stand for election and be elected according to law in the future. This means that in the future Hong Kong Legislative Council, where public opinion is more widely represented, members can still express different voices. Where is the theory of "eliminating dissenting voices"?

　　With regard to the goal of universal suffrage in Hong Kong, in fact, if anti-China anti-Hong Kong elements had not obstructed and sabotaged Hong Kong, Hong Kong could have achieved universal suffrage for the Chief Executive in 2017 and the Legislative Council in 2020 in accordance with the "August 31" decision adopted by China the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) in 2014. Who is responsible for the failure to achieve it as scheduled? People know that.

　　It has been noted that the National People’s Congress of China has improved the electoral system in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region this time, and has not made any changes to Articles 45 and 68 of the Basic Law concerning universal suffrage. This shows that the ultimate goal of universal suffrage in Hong Kong according to the actual situation and the principle of gradual and orderly progress will not change. This fully reflects the determination and sincerity of the central government of China to develop democratic politics in Hong Kong, and shows the confidence of the national system. The foreign ministers of G7 countries stubbornly linked the moderate optimization of Hong Kong’s electoral system to the goal of universal suffrage, which is completely confusing and confusing.

　　It is even more nonsense for them to bring out the Sino-British Joint Declaration again. The statement did not give Britain the right to assume any responsibility for Hong Kong and interfere in Hong Kong affairs after its return. The British side has no sovereignty, power or supervision over Hong Kong after the reunification. Moreover, the Sino-British Joint Declaration is a bilateral document, and other countries and organizations have no right to interfere in Hong Kong affairs under the pretext of it. The foreign ministers of G7 countries violated the basic norms of international law and international relations, namely non-interference in other countries’ internal affairs, and exposed the gloomy colonial mentality and sinister intentions to curb China’s development.

　　People can see that after the China National People’s Congress passed the decision to improve the electoral system, the people of Hong Kong expressed their heartfelt support and the international community gave them extensive support. This fully shows that China’s policy concerning Hong Kong has won the hearts of the people, and Hong Kong will be better tomorrow. The so-called foreign ministers’ statement of G7 countries is just an inertial statement based on ideological prejudice, which can’t afford the storm.

　　(International Critical Commentator)

On May 10th, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader took the Fuxing high-speed train to visit xiong’an new area. The General Secretary went deep into high-speed railway station, communities, construction sites, etc., and made important arrangements for building a "people’s city" that is suitable for business and living in the new era. The concept of "people’s city" has been deepened and sublimated again.

On November 2, 2019, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader first proposed that "people’s cities are built by the people and people’s cities are for the people" during his inspection tour in Shanghai. On this day, the General Secretary walked along the Shanghai Riverside Trestle to inspect the scenery on both sides of the Huangpu River. Standing in this "life show belt" transformed from the "industrial rust belt" where old factories were abandoned in the past, he said earnestly: "Whether it is urban planning or urban construction, whether it is the construction of new cities or the transformation of old cities, we must adhere to the people-centered and focus on the needs of the people."

This year, China’s population urbanization rate exceeded the key node of 60%, and entered the era of urban society. Turning the institutional advantage into the urban governance advantage is the ballast stone for the healthy and steady development of the city, and it also directly affects the development pace of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has made many arrangements for the construction of people’s cities.

Building a city, the initial intention is to make life better. The general secretary pointed out: "We are not building a beautiful new city, but just building a new city for the people to live a better life."

At present, the scale of cities around the country is growing, the social structure is becoming more diverse, the interests of the masses are complex and diverse, and the difficulty of governance is increasing. Making cities smarter and smarter is the only way to promote the modernization of urban governance system and governance capacity.

On February 6, 2016, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued "Several Opinions on Further Strengthening the Management of Urban Planning and Construction", demanding innovative urban governance methods.

In October 2019, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee deliberated and adopted the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Upholding and Perfecting the Socialism with Chinese characteristics System and Promoting the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity.

On March 12, 2021, the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Outline of Long-term Goals in 2035 was officially published, proposing "accelerating the transformation of urban development mode, coordinating urban planning and construction management, implementing urban renewal actions, and promoting the optimization of urban spatial structure and quality improvement".

With the introduction of top-level design and related policies, the concept of "people’s city" has been thoroughly practiced, the urban landscape has changed with each passing day, and the modernization level of urban governance has been continuously improved. The prototype of a livable people’s city, represented by xiong’an new area, has taken shape.

In recent years, the modern "people’s city" with its own characteristics has also blossomed all over the country.

Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province integrates data resources in various fields of urban governance, speeds up the construction of urban operation management service platform, promotes the innovation of urban management mode, management means and management concept, and promotes the "unified management of urban operation management" to make the city smarter and people’s lives more convenient.

Chongqing demolished the illegal buildings in the old street area of Daijiaxiang, and built a cliff trail to revive the charm of the mountain city, which is a residential area and a cliff on one side, making the scenery more beautiful and the city more livable.

Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, revitalizes and utilizes the old food market, making it a market with beautiful cultural and creative characteristics, injecting new vitality into the old food market, making the urban context innovative and continuous, and enriching people’s cultural life.

… … … …

"City, so Shengmin also." For the people, rely on the people and benefit the people. The "Xiong ‘an Scene" of Chinese modernization takes the people as the center and explores a new path to build a modern city with new development concepts. This is in line with "people’s yearning for a better life is our goal".

　　　　　　 CCTV News:Today (December 9), the Beijing Municipal Education Commission issued the "Beijing Compulsory Education Physical Education and Health Assessment Program", which proposed that the physical education score in the senior high school entrance examination should be increased from 30 to 70. Some parents worry that the increase in sports scores will make children more tired. Will it emphasize sports and weaken disciplines and so on? Let’s learn more about the contents of the Plan.

　　　　　　 In view of the problems that have been criticized in the past, such as "there is a serious tendency to take the physical examination on the spot", "the guidance of the procedural examination is weak", "the types of physical examination content are insufficient" and "the space for students to choose independently is small", the released Program has specially increased the procedural examination, which includes two parts: physical fitness examination and physical education and health knowledge examination.

　　　　　　 Li Wei, spokesperson of Beijing Municipal Education Commission:In fact, the thinking and logic behind us is that according to the country’s most basic physical health standards for children of different ages, it should be said that except for disabled children or those with injuries, it should be the goal of our education to strive to achieve good or above standards. So this time, we take this standard of physical health as our most basic standard, and encourage children to get full marks if they reach good or above.

　　　　　　 According to reports, the physical health assessment includes body mass index, vital capacity, 50-meter running, skipping rope for one minute, etc., all of which are routine items in daily physical exercise. The examination time is in the first semester of grade four, grade six and grade eight, and this part accounts for 30 points, with 10 points each time. The examination of physical education and health knowledge is completed by students through computer examination, and the examination time is the second semester of grade eight.

　　　　　　 Li Wei, spokesperson of Beijing Municipal Education Commission:In fact, among the 40 points we added this time, 10 points are knowledge tests, computer tests are arranged, and they are open books. Children like to exercise, and it is good to keep exercising, but they have to learn to exercise scientifically, otherwise they will be easily injured in sports. At the same time, if a healthy lifestyle, including eating habits, is not laid down, blind exercise may be counterproductive.

　　　　　　 Although the examination of physical education and health knowledge only accounts for 10 points, and it is an open-book examination, what is the content of the examination? Why do you want to add this assessment?

　　　　　　 Li Yi, spokesman of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, said that the content of physical education and health knowledge assessment involves how to control the intensity of exercise, avoid sports injuries, the necessity of warm-up activities and stretching exercises, scientific and reasonable nutritious diet structure, work and rest habits and so on.

　　　　　　 Li Wei, spokesperson of Beijing Municipal Education Commission:We specially arranged this open-book computer test with 10 points in the eighth grade. Then what it wants to incite is that in the first eight years of compulsory education, not only physical education teachers, but also all educators, parents and teachers of various subjects should convey a healthy life concept to children and help them cultivate a healthy lifestyle. Immediately after the eighth grade, it entered the final stage of compulsory education. Without the supervision of parents or schools, children still have good living habits and exercise habits every day.

Although the process assessment has been added, the score, time, grade and organization of the on-site examination are similar to those in the past, with the score still being 30, and the specific time of the examination is from April to 4&mdash in the spring. May, but the content of the exam has changed a lot.

The reporter combed and found that the examination content broke the disadvantages of over-concentration and limited examination items in the past, further expanded the examination items, and divided the contents into four categories by means of classification and limited selection, with a total of 22 examination contents, an increase of 14 items over the past. There are four types of examination contents: quality 1 and 2, ability exercise 1 and 2. Quality 1 is a compulsory item, mainly to test endurance, which is also known as the "king of sports", and the other three types are optional items. For example, in the classification of quality 2, in addition to the original three items, namely, pull-ups for boys, sit-ups for girls and solid balls for boys and girls, eight items, such as arm flexion and extension for boys’ parallel bars and one-minute skipping for boys and girls, have been added, and the students have changed from the original two to six.

Li Wei, spokesperson of Beijing Municipal Education Commission:The main purpose of the expansion of the project is to further increase the selectivity according to the characteristics of Beijing children, encourage children to choose their own advantageous projects and favorite projects to participate in such examinations, and more children can get high scores and full marks.

In view of the phenomenon that some parents take part in off-campus sports training in order to improve their children’s sports performance, Li Yi, a spokesperson for the Beijing Municipal Education Commission, said that from the design of the "Program" to the distribution of test scores, it is difficult for short-term surprise training to quickly improve sports performance.

　　　　　　 Li Wei, spokesperson of Beijing Municipal Education Commission:We don’t rely on new scores to increase the degree of differentiation of sports, but try our best to make him get higher results. In addition, providing more options in the final on-site assessment also encourages more children to get high marks. The result of this high score is to stimulate his interest in sports, so that he can participate in exercise and participate in this kind of sports activities more voluntarily and happily in the early stage.

The sports and health assessment plan issued by the Beijing Municipal Education Commission will be implemented from the date of publication, but parents don’t have to worry. The plan will be transitioned by grades and gradually pushed forward until it is fully implemented. Let’s take a look at the specific implementation time.

The implementation of the "Program" is divided into four nodes: the students who entered the eighth and ninth grades on September 1, 2021, that is, the students in the second and third grades now, still follow the original policy of physical education entrance examination.

On September 1, 2021, the students who entered the fifth, sixth and seventh grades, that is, the students in the fifth and sixth grades of primary school and the first grade of junior high school, only participated in the process assessment of the eighth grade according to the reform plan. That is to say, in the first semester of the eighth grade, the physical health assessment was conducted, and in the second semester of the eighth grade, the physical education and health knowledge assessment was conducted, with a total score of 20 points, and the ninth grade on-site examination was 30 points, with a total score of 50 points.

On September 1, 2021, the students who entered the third and fourth grades, that is, the students in the third and fourth grades of primary school now, participated in the process assessment of the sixth and eighth grades according to the reform plan. That is to say, in the first semester of the sixth and eighth grades, the physical health assessment will be carried out, and the physical education and health knowledge assessment will be carried out in the second semester of the eighth grade, with a total of 30 points; The ninth grade on-site exam scored 30 points, with a total score of 60 points.

On September 1, 2021, the students who entered the first and second grades, that is, the students in the first and second grades of primary school now, participated in the process assessment of the fourth, sixth and eighth grades according to the reform plan. In the fourth grade, sixth grade and eighth grade, the physical health examination was conducted in the first semester, and the physical education and health knowledge examination was conducted in the second semester of the eighth grade, with a total score of 40 points; The ninth grade on-site exam scored 30 points, with a total score of 70 points.

Land Rover Discovery is a medium and large SUV, and it also has a model called.HSEConfiguration version of. The manufacturer’s guide price of this model starts from 658,800 yuan, and the price after the highest discount is 389,800 yuan. The HSE model has excellent performance in appearance, interior, power and energy consumption, and it is very worth buying.

In terms of appearance, the Land Rover Discovery HSE model adopts a family-style design language, with a tough front face and smooth and natural body lines. The body size is 4970/2073/1888mm, the wheelbase is 2923mm, and the interior space is spacious and comfortable, which is very suitable for family travel or long-distance travel. The body is made of high-strength steel and aluminum alloy, which makes the body more durable.

In terms of interior, HSE models adopt luxurious leather seats and high-quality decorative materials, which bring people a very comfortable feeling. The center console uses a 12.3-inch LCD screen, which is simple and convenient to operate. In addition, this car is also equipped with panoramic sunroof, electric tailgate, keyless entry, electric adjustable seat and other high-tech configurations, so that drivers can enjoy a more convenient driving experience.

In terms of power, the HSE model is equipped with a 5.0-liter V8 engine, with a maximum power of 355 HP and a peak torque of 516 Nm. With an 8-speed automatic transmission, it has rapid acceleration and abundant power output. At the same time, this car is also equipped with a four-wheel drive system and air suspension, which can adapt to various road conditions and provide a more stable and comfortable driving experience.

In terms of energy consumption, HSE models adopt a variety of energy-saving technologies, such as intelligent start-stop system and braking energy recovery system, which makes the fuel consumption performance excellent, with the fuel consumption of only 11.6L per 100 kilometers, which is very fuel-efficient for a large SUV.

Generally speaking, Land Rover Discovery HSE is an excellent medium-sized and large-sized SUV. It has excellent performance in appearance, interior, power and energy consumption, and it is a very worthwhile car. If you want to have a luxury and practical SUV, then HSE model is definitely a good choice.

　　(Reporter Yu Qin) On the morning of July 30th, our province held a video conference on the steady and healthy development of the real estate market, thoroughly implemented the spirit of the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on housing work, fully implemented the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on real estate regulation, adhered to the positioning that houses are used for living, not for speculation, and deployed the next phase of real estate key work in our province according to the work requirements of the provincial party committee. Governor Zheng Shanjie attended the meeting and delivered a speech.

　　The meeting pointed out that all localities and departments should earnestly improve their political positions, adhere to the principle that "the general secretary has orders, the central government has plans, and Zhejiang sees actions", further unify their thoughts and actions with the central government’s decision-making and deployment, regard stabilizing housing prices as an important political task, regard the stable and healthy development of the real estate market as an important part of building a high-quality demonstration zone for common prosperity, focus on the deep-seated problems behind housing prices, calculate the political accounts, economic accounts and people’s livelihood accounts of real estate, and work hard and take hard measures.

　　The meeting stressed that the next step is to implement five excellent measures. First, we must do a good job in the construction of affordable rental housing. Pay close attention to the implementation opinions on the development of affordable rental housing in our province, accurately measure the demand for affordable rental housing, increase the supply of housing through multiple channels, and accelerate the formation of methods and mechanisms for building shared property housing. Second, we must do a good job in optimizing land supply. Accurately calculate the land demand according to the net inflow of population, form scientific quantitative indicators, grasp the rhythm, quantity and mode of land supply, and ensure the basic balance between supply and demand. Third, we must do a good job in financial control and tax adjustment. Firmly grasp the "bull nose" of real estate finance, pay attention to the regulatory role of taxation, strictly manage the "three lines and four files" financing of real estate enterprises and the concentration of real estate loans of financial institutions, strictly implement the differentiated housing credit policy, and maintain the scientific, reasonable and sustainable real estate credit. Fourth, we must do a good job in rectifying the order of the real estate market. Precise policies to curb speculation and resolutely investigate and deal with market chaos. Fifth, we must do a good job in the implementation of responsibilities. Adhere to the province’s "one chess game", clarify the division of responsibilities among provinces, cities and counties, implement the main responsibilities of cities and counties and the supervision and guidance responsibilities of provincial departments, make full use of the policy toolbox with clear long-term mechanism of the central government in accordance with the requirements of "one city, one policy", and timely introduce useful regulatory measures to ensure the stable and healthy development of the real estate market.

　　Xu Wenguang presided over the meeting, and Liu Xin and Qiu Dongyao attended the sub-meeting.

Original Alex Ross

Velvet goldmine.

Among all kinds of art forms, Schopenhauer respects music most, thinking that other arts only express the shadow of things, while music expresses things themselves, which is the most internal soul of phenomena. At the same time, he asserted that art can be divorced from the history of the world without being stained with blood.

However, in the twentieth century, music is closely related to the history of the world-it reflects and influences history.

We can find from the music collection "Only Noise" that music and history are closely intertwined from Vienna before the First World War to Paris in the 20th century, from Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia to the center of new york in the 1960s and 1970s.

All that’s left is noise, which is not only a carnival for classical music lovers, but also spread from music with the author’s amazing knowledge and textual research ability, linking people, politics and history at that time-professional knowledge of music theory and little-known gossip coexist, which is extensive and interesting. Alex Ross created a musical feast for us in the 20th century, and also made us see the undercurrent under music at the corner of history.

In today’s article, we will come to see the development of avant-garde, pop music and minimalism in the psychedelic era after World War II, and think together. Today, where is the classical music going?

01

Modern musical language

In 1910, the French poet Charles Page wrote: "Everything begins in magic and then ends in politics."

Merton Fieldman saw that this aphorism was equally applicable to 20th century music. Fieldman is not only a pioneer of modernism, but also knows how to appreciate sibelius. He tells us how great ideas have been worn away with the passage of time, and become a topic of endless debate among people who specialize in party struggle and bookworms. He said: "Unfortunately, for most people engaged in art, other people’s ideas have become their opium. There is no security guarantee for taking your own path. "

The beginning of the 20th century is the magic of revolution, which brings us Schoenberg’s chords that distort people’s thinking and Stravinsky’s rhythm that shakes the earth. But as early as the 1920s, the process of politicization had already begun. With the change of fashion, composers scrambled to gain the upper hand and accused others of backwardness. In the 1930s and 1940s, dictatorships hijacked the whole romantic tradition.

But all these can’t be compared with the events that happened at the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War.

At this time, the music was split into revolutionary and counter-revolutionary camps, and various theories rushed to appear, and the melee that formed an alliance with you and turned against him continued. Modern music language can be said to be renovated year by year: the twelve-tone system gives way to "holistic sequencing", while the latter gives way to opportunity music, which is replaced by music with free flowing timbre, and it gives way to the rise of new Dadaism, splicing art, and so on.

The information in the late capitalist world is overwhelming, from pure noise to pure silence, from combinatorial set theory to Bibop jazz, which has already washed away the boundary between art and reality. The more irrelevant people come together, the more common it is. Although the Military Government Office of the United States has withdrawn from the historical stage, the Central Intelligence Agency has come forward to fund the music festival instead of it, and the works performed include the super complicated avantgarde music. Politicians during the Cold War, including John F. Kennedy, promised to realize the golden age of free art, from which twelve-tone composers in many American universities indirectly benefited.

World War II never really ended. The superpowers in the allied forces continued to maintain their military presence, and the beginning of the nuclear war and the truth of the death camps exposed in the summer of 1945 shrouded a haze in the hearts of people all over the world. The language that became popular because of the Cold War also penetrated into the music discussion.

Composers also exhausted all possibilities. They also annexed territories, eliminated resistance, advanced and retreated, and also fell to each other. Stravinsky abandoned neoclassicism and adopted the twelve-tone system, which caused violent vibration among his fellow composers. Leonard bernstein commented: "It’s like a traitor who ties all the troops loyal to him."

No matter in European music or American music, the aesthetic view that advocates disharmony, density, difficulty and complexity occupies a dominant position. Eliot Carter, an American composer, gave up the populist style of Copeland and the neoclassical style of Stravinsky. He explained his decision like this: "Before the end of the Second World War, part of the reason was to reread Freud and others’ works and think about psychoanalysis. I realized that in the world we live in, physical and mental atrocities will be a long-term problem. I realized that the human nature that contributed to the neo-classical aesthetics, its whole thinking method, is actually hiding ugly things, which is tantamount to sweeping dust under the carpet. In my opinion, we can no longer treat those things by beating around the bush. "

Babylon Berlin

02

The avant-garde in the 1960 s

While Mei Xian dominated the transformation of tonal music, the avant-garde movement in Europe entered a period of arbitrary, upside-down and confusing. This is the era of great rock music rebellion, sexual liberation, and trying drugs and psychedelic culture. In the noisy spirit of the times, avant-garde elements set off a second wave, rejecting the previous generation’s persistence in purity and abstraction.

Chance, uncertainty, image notation, and other forms of music recorded in unconventional ways are popular in Europe. Some works are biased towards the musical past, and the past is cut into paragraphs by quoting and splicing. Other works go out of interstellar space and abandon the appearance of all system structures. Various phenomena have emerged, such as Dada pranks, quoting pop music and catchy communist revolutionary songs becoming popular again.

Some composers’ self-expression skills are dazzling, and they regard the international rise of the avant-garde as the theme of their works. Dieter Nebel’s 1961 work "Waste I/1" invited the audience to become part of the performance by talking to each other, making noises for or against it, coughing, pushing chairs and so on.

John Cage’s influence reached its peak. In 1958, he traveled to Germany and gave a series of lectures in darmstadt instead of Bretz. His lecture changed European music forever, and it was never the same as before. Everyone who knows the origin of Cage knows to be prepared to feel extraordinary events; Back in 1950, he delivered a speech entitled "A Speech on Nothing" in the artists’ club, and said at the beginning: "I’m here, and I have nothing to say."

In the Q&A section that followed, Cage decided to answer all questions with six fixed answers, which caused chaos. One of the six answers is "Please repeat this question … say it again … say it again …" In Cage’s lecture in darmstadt, some paragraphs are internally related, but opportunistic behavior gradually gained the upper hand. By the third lecture, he began to light cigarettes at intervals specified in the Book of Changes. The main body of the last lecture became a long list of questions, such as: "Do you agree when Bretz said what he said?" Are you hungry? Twelve. Why are you doing this (you know what you will get)? Will Blaze be there? Or did he leave before I noticed? "

Bohemian Rhapsody

03

Minimalism in rock music

It is pure American art, which has nothing to do with the nameless anger of modernism, but overflows with the optimism of pop music. Lech said: "Schoenberg made a truthful musical portrayal of his times. Although I admire him, I don’t want to write like him. Stockhausen, Beriau, and Blaze used the most sincere language to describe how the European continent was cleaning up the debris in the ruins of World War II. But for Americans who lived in 1948, 1958 and even 1968, in the real environment where the tail of a car was flying, Chuck Berry appeared and the sales of hamburgers exceeded one million, we must pretend that we must experience a dark brown Viennese anger, which is undoubtedly a lie and a musical lie … "

Lech and his like-minded people borrowed materials from pop music, especially Bibop and modern jazz, and then returned to influence pop music. "Underground Velvet" has absorbed lamont Young’s aesthetic view of humming sustained sound. David bowie and Brian Eno, such artistic rock musicians, came to watch the performances of Lech and Glass.

Daydreaming in the Moon Age

In the 1980s and 1990s, the influence of minimalism spread, and we all felt it. As long as we walked into an elegant handicraft shop or elegant hotel front porch, the fluttering music in the air would unconsciously become related to Lech’s Music for Eighteen Musicians.

Brian Eno caught the key of minimalism by saying, "Repetition is a form of change."

Repetition is an inherent feature of sound science, and tones spread in the air through periodic shocks. Repetition is also an inherent means for consciousness to deal with the outside world. So in a sense, minimalism is to return to nature.

At the same time, repetition is the keynote of all technological societies. Robert Fink studied the cultural background of minimalism movement, and revealed that minimalism is the repetition of simulating the culture of consumer society from accelerated warming to saturation numbness in many cases, and the repeated jingling of TV commercials is a typical example. But he argues that minimalism is a silent criticism of the existing society. They see depth in superficial phenomena and find slowness in fast movement.

Fink borrowed a new word "playing style" created by musician Christopher Small and wrote: "Repeated playing style rarely shows longing for a sincere relationship, which actually does not exist. At least in this sense, it has the virtue of honesty, which is often lacking in more traditional avant-garde playing style. In the consumer society of late capitalism, there are endless repetitive relationships, which we will face again and again. On this premise, the way of playing music repeatedly reminds us to face up to reality, provides us with warnings and provides some resistance, even if it only provides an aesthetic pleasure. Because of repetition, we have entered the current culture, so through repetition, we may be freed from this culture. "

It is classical music and the history of the 20th century.

Love music, understand music, and understand music.

A maverick personality and a shocking voice.

Original title: "This is the era of great rock music rebellion" "

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