On August 14th, the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics showed that the national economy continued to operate in a reasonable range in July, maintaining a generally stable, steady and progressive development trend. Among them, the strong performance of foreign trade has become a bright spot: in July, the total volume of imports, exports and exports was the highest in a single month since this year, and the growth rate of both was also faster than that of last month.

　　The the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee Conference held recently demanded that the economic and trade frictions should be effectively dealt with and the "six stability" work should be done comprehensively.

　　Since the beginning of this year, in the face of complicated and severe domestic and international situations, China has made great efforts to do a good job of "six stabilities" including stabilizing foreign trade and foreign investment, so as to promote the stability and quality improvement of foreign trade. In the long run, the trend of China’s foreign trade structure optimization and power conversion acceleration will not change, and its strong resilience will be further manifested.

　　On the toughness of foreign trade in "one liter and one drop"

　　Against the background of increasing global economic and trade risks and uncertainties, the total import and export volume of China in July was 2,738.2 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 5.7%; From January to July, the total import and export volume was 17,408.3 billion yuan, up by 4.2%. What do you think of this achievement?

　　Vertically, this is an excellent performance. In July, the import and export value hit a new high in a single month this year, and the growth rate was 2.6 percentage points higher than that of the previous month, which was the highest in the past three months.

　　Horizontally, this is a hard-won achievement. At present, protectionism and unilateralism are escalating and global trade is weak. In the update of the World Economic Outlook Report released a few days ago, the International Monetary Fund drastically lowered its forecast for the growth rate of global trade volume this year by 0.9 percentage points to 2.5%, far lower than last year’s 3.7%, the lowest point in three years. "In this context, China’s foreign trade has maintained steady growth, showing its strong resilience." Zhang Jianping, deputy director of the Academic Committee of the Research Institute of the Ministry of Commerce and director of the Regional Economic Research Center, told the reporter of People’s Daily Overseas Edition.

　　Outside the whole, look at exports and imports respectively. From January to July, exports reached 9,475.8 billion yuan, an increase of 6.7%. Among them, the export in July was 1,524.2 billion yuan, the highest level in a single month since this year; It increased by 10.3%, 4.3 percentage points faster than last month, and reached a new high in the past four months.

　　Liu Aihua, spokesperson of the National Bureau of Statistics, pointed out that under the effect of a series of policies to stabilize foreign trade, trade diversification and trade facilitation measures have been effective continuously. The export performance is not bad whether it is accumulated from January to July or the data of the month of July, indicating that the impact of Sino-US economic and trade friction is generally controllable.

　　In terms of imports, imports in July reached 1,214 billion yuan, a six-month high; It increased by 0.4%, compared with a decrease of 0.4% last month. From January to July, imports reached 7,932.5 billion yuan, an increase of 1.3%.

　　"Imports have shown two positive changes: the growth rate has rebounded for two consecutive months, and the import of high-quality consumer goods has continued to grow rapidly, thanks to the stable and positive performance of China’s economy, the upgrading of domestic consumption and the release of policy dividends." Zhang Jianping said.

　　The achievements in structural optimization are tangible.

　　In addition to the improvement in quantity and speed, China’s foreign trade has also performed well in terms of quality and efficiency.

　　A few days ago, the assembly box area in land port, Changchun was busy. Boxes of floors, car windshields, brake pads and monitors are exported to Russia, Germany and other places through the China-Europe train. "Changchun and other northeastern cities in China have gathered a number of top automobile manufacturers and their supporting spare parts enterprises, and Bavaria, where Nuremberg is located, is a major town of German automobile manufacturing, so industrial clusters with similar structures can produce great linkage effects." Demi Ben, general manager of Changchun land port German Co., Ltd. said. Up to now, "Changman Europe" has carried more than 43,000 TEUs of imported and exported goods, with the value exceeding 13.8 billion yuan.

　　See a leopard in a glimpse. In the first seven months of this year, the level of trade facilitation between China and countries along the "Belt and Road" continued to improve, with the import and export increasing by 10.2%, driving the overall import and export growth by 2.8 percentage points. Imports and exports with traditional trading partners, EU and ASEAN, increased by 10.8% and 11.3% respectively. In the first half of the year, China’s import and export with 25 trading partners that signed free trade agreements increased by 3.8%.

　　The optimization of the structure is not only in the international market layout, but also in the domestic regional layout. From January to July, the export of the central and western regions increased by 13.8%, 7.1 percentage points higher than the overall growth rate, and the proportion increased by 1.1 percentage points to 17.5%.

　　Endogenous motivation is constantly increasing. In the first half of the year, the number of private enterprises with import and export performance reached 336,000, an increase of 8.5%, accounting for nearly 80%. From January to July, the import and export of private enterprises increased by 11.8%, accounting for 42% of the total import and export, an increase of 2.9 percentage points over the same period of last year.

　　The commodity structure is constantly upgrading. The export of mechanical and electrical products increased by 6.1%, 0.8 percentage points faster than that in January-June. Among them, the export of high-tech, high-quality and high value-added products such as integrated circuits, metal processing machine tools, excavators and medical devices all maintained double-digit growth. At the same time, the import of high-quality consumer goods achieved rapid growth.

　　"Since this year, foreign trade has been in ‘ Quality ’ The progress made in this regard is gratifying. " Zhang Jianping said that the competitiveness of general trade has been continuously enhanced, the export of high-tech products has increased significantly, private enterprises have become the "main force" of import and export, and trading partners have been expanding continuously. These achievements are all real.

　　Stable foreign trade policy reserves are still sufficient.

　　Achievements are worthy of recognition, and challenges cannot be ignored. In Zhang Jianping’s view, at present, the global trade tension is escalating, and finally the demand is weak and the growth momentum is weakened. In the face of challenges, the most important thing is to do your own thing, maintain strategic strength, and promote the stability and quality of foreign trade.

　　The the State Council executive meeting held not long ago determined the measures to further stabilize foreign trade: to study and continue to reduce the overall level of import tariffs, improve the export tax rebate policy, and speed up the tax rebate process. Give full play to the role of export credit insurance, promote the expansion of coverage, reasonably reduce premiums, and study and propose special types of insurance that meet the needs of enterprises; Guide financial institutions to increase foreign trade financing support for small and medium-sized enterprises; Create conditions to improve the convenience of RMB settlement. Accelerate the development of new formats such as cross-border e-commerce and bonded maintenance of processing trade, and cultivate import trade demonstration zones. Great breakthroughs have been made in simplifying the supervision documents of import and export links, shortening customs clearance time and reducing port charges.

　　The relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Commerce introduced that since the beginning of this year, various departments and localities have increased policy support and actively cultivated new trade formats and new models. The third batch of 22 cross-border e-commerce comprehensive test zones was accelerated. In the first half of the year, the import and export of cross-border e-commerce retail increased rapidly. The first batch of used cars were successfully exported in July, and the export scale is expected to expand rapidly in the second half of the year. In the next step, bonded maintenance projects for processing trade will continue to land, further attracting processing, manufacturing and production services with higher technical level and greater value-added content to China.

　　Zhang Jianping believes that China’s policy reserves are still sufficient, and with the accelerated introduction and landing of more policies and measures to stabilize foreign trade, the endogenous motivation of enterprises will be further enhanced. At the same time, enterprises themselves need to work harder to enhance product competitiveness, actively expand the market and actively resist external risks.

　　"China’s foreign trade is large, resilient and has sufficient stamina. We rely on the integrity of the domestic industrial chain, the huge domestic market, the diversity of the international market, the sufficient endogenous motivation of the main body and the continuous optimization of the structure." Zhu Yong, deputy director of the Foreign Trade Department of the Ministry of Commerce, said that he believed that through joint efforts, foreign trade could be improved steadily this year. (People’s Daily Overseas Edition reporter Qiu Haifeng)

　　　　　　During the "two sessions" in 2006, deputies to the National People’s Congress and CPPCC members put forward many valuable opinions and suggestions on accelerating economic restructuring, changing the mode of economic growth, promoting the construction of new socialist countryside, rationalizing the distribution relationship, deepening fiscal and taxation reform and other issues around the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee and the Central Economic Work Conference. Most of these opinions and suggestions are key, difficult and hot issues in the financial reform and development, expressing the wishes and voices of the masses and condensing the wisdom and hard work of the deputies and Committee members. After the "two sessions", our department received 2,587 suggestions and proposals, ranking first among the organizers, with an increase of 24.7% over 2005. Among them, the suggestions and proposals sponsored mainly involve six aspects: tax policy, financial management, non-tax revenue management, financial investment, financial management, and support for the reform of state-owned enterprises.

　　In order to do a good job in the undertaking of suggestions and proposals, our department conscientiously implements the spirit of "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Notice on Forwarding Several Opinions of the CPC the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Party Group on Further Giving Play to the Role of NPC Deputies and Strengthening the System Construction in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)" and "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Opinions on Strengthening the Work of the CPPCC". By strengthening organizational leadership, improving the handling system and innovating the handling methods, A set of handling mechanism was formed, which clearly required the leaders in charge of the Ministry to be responsible for the division of labor, the departments to handle it specifically, and the general office to coordinate and supervise it, thus ensuring that the tasks were completed on time and with good quality, and it was affirmed by the National People’s Congress, relevant departments of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and representatives and members.

　　(A) to raise awareness and strengthen leadership

　　The Party Group of the Ministry of Finance attaches great importance to the handling of the suggestions and proposals of the "two sessions", and requires us to understand the importance of doing a good job in handling the suggestions and proposals under the new situation from the perspectives of practicing Theory of Three Represents, implementing Scientific Outlook on Development, building a harmonious socialist society and building a socialist political civilization, and regard answering the suggestions and proposals as an important political task. Minister Jin Renqing pointed out in his instructions on handling the suggestions and proposals of the "two sessions" that "it is necessary to sum up experience, carry forward achievements, and further do a good job in handling suggestions and proposals, especially to highlight key points and make good replies to satisfy the delegates and members. Do what can be done and actively implement it well; If the conditions are not ripe and cannot be done for a while, create conditions to do it actively; At present, if there is a lack of conditions, we must do a good job in explanation and maintain communication with delegates and Committee members. " Vice Ministers Lou Jiwei and Wang Jun also made clear requirements accordingly. The leadership of the Ministry attached great importance to it, which effectively ensured the effective implementation of the suggestions and proposals.

　　(B) comprehensive combing, scientific analysis

　　After receiving the suggestions and proposals of the "two sessions", the General Office divided them into batches according to the division of responsibilities of all units in the Ministry, and entered all the suggestions and proposals into the suggestions and proposals management information system. The competent staff shall timely sort out and analyze the problems raised by each proposal, classify and count all kinds of suggestions, cases, joint representatives and members, make detailed analysis and content summary of the key issues reflected by the suggestions and proposals, and form an analysis report that reflects the overall situation of the acceptance of the suggestions and proposals and highlights the key contents, and report it to the leaders of the Ministry and copy it to various departments, so that the relevant leaders can fully understand the acceptance of the suggestions and proposals, and grasp the key contents, which is convenient for making or adjusting the relevant contents.

　　(3) Standardize procedures and pay attention to quality

　　In order to ensure the standardization and institutionalization of the handling work, the Ministry of Finance has formulated the Provisions for the Ministry of Finance to undertake the work of NPC deputies’ motions, suggestions and Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference’s proposals, requiring all relevant units to handle them in strict accordance with relevant procedures. Before the start of the handling work, the General Office held a meeting in time to inform the National People’s Congress and Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference of the spirit of the meeting, convey the requirements of the party group of the Ministry for handling the suggestions and proposals, and make specific arrangements for handling the work. In the process of handling, the general office pays attention to strengthening the verification of the reply, timely reports the problems found during the review, reiterates the requirements and precautions for handling suggestions and proposals, and strengthens supervision through various means to ensure the quality of handling suggestions and proposals.

　　(D) Focus and strengthen communication.

　　In order to grasp the key points and improve the effectiveness of handling, I will include in the scope of key handling suggestions and proposals that are of general concern to deputies and members, reflect the same problem, have a large number of joint names, are put forward by parties and groups, or have sensitive and incipient problems. For key suggestions and proposals, the leaders of the Ministry personally participated in research and discussion, and listened to the opinions of delegates and Committee members face to face, thus strengthening communication and exchanges with delegates and improving the quality of handling.

　　In the future, my department will further sum up experience, constantly innovate working methods, improve the handling system, and strive to do a better job in handling the suggestions and proposals of the "two sessions."

　　

In the Internet age, the related trends between enterprises and consumers often attract extensive attention and discussion on the Internet. The topic of "Is the lawyer’s letter of Meituan fake?" has been widely discussed by major social platforms. With the fermentation of events and the emergence of many opinions, all kinds of discussions have become the focus of attention. Below, we will analyze it from many angles, trying to answer the question in everyone’s mind, is the letter from Meituan lawyer true?

Before we understand this incident, it is necessary for us to find out what a lawyer’s letter is. A lawyer’s letter is a formal legal document issued by a law firm or lawyer, which is usually used to express positions, claim rights or give warnings. In business operations and civil disputes, lawyer’s letter is a frequently used legal tool.

Whether a lawyer’s letter is true or not is a key point to determine its authority. If the lawyer’s letter is false, its legal effect will cease to exist, and it will only become a tool of intimidation. If the lawyer’s letter widely circulated in the name of Meituan is proved to be false, it is obvious that it will not only be affected by the crisis of trust, but also seriously affect the reputation of the company. So, is the lawyer’s letter from Meituan true? This is the core issue that we need to promote interpretation.

The origin of this incident is a so-called "Meituan lawyer’s letter" circulated on the Internet. Some people posted public screenshots, some people took the opportunity to make heated discussions, and even some users began to question the business strategy and attitude of the company. This led to "whether the letter from the lawyer of the US Mission is true or not" immediately boarded the hot search list.

In a short period of time, users from many different platforms analyzed the contents of the lawyer’s letter word by word, and put forward two core questions: Does this lawyer’s letter represent the official position of the US Mission? Is the legal basis behind the lawyer’s letter sufficient? In these doubts, whether the enterprise comes forward to clarify or not has become an important reference to judge the authenticity of this incident.

If we want to verify whether the lawyer’s letter of Meituan is true, the first task is to confirm the source of this lawyer’s letter. If the lawyer’s letter really comes directly from Meituan Company and is issued by a law firm authorized by Meituan, then its authenticity is beyond doubt. However, if this lawyer’s letter contains forged elements, then the person or organization that spreads such information is suspected of breaking the law.

Enterprises will issue statements through legal channels, including official websites and official Weibo, to trace the authenticity of lawyers’ letters. Whether the US delegation publicly confirms and responds may also become an important source of information to judge the truth of this incident.

The rationality and legal basis of the lawyer’s letter is also an important basis for answering "whether the lawyer’s letter of Meituan is true or not". Judging from the relevant screenshots published at present, this lawyer’s letter seems to be mainly related to some consumer or online comment disputes, especially the handling of the negative comments of the US Mission.

According to the analysis, a lawyer’s letter with doubtful authenticity may usually be deliberately expressed in vague terms to achieve the purpose of deterring users. If the lawyer’s letter has clear logic and sufficient reasons, and is accompanied by specific legal provisions, its authenticity will be relatively higher. "Whether the lawyer’s letter of Meituan is true or not" needs to be considered in combination with the careful screening of the content.

"Is it true or not?" is not only a simple legal question, but also a public opinion crisis because it involves public sentiment. Some netizens are skeptical and think that this may be a means of marketing; Another part of netizens pointed out that such lawyers’ letters were suspected of abuse, which virtually infringed on the legitimate rights and interests of users.

This divided voice exposes consumers’ expectations for the sincerity of corporate communication. Even if the lawyer’s letter of Meituan is finally proved to be true, enterprises need to further strengthen communication with consumers to avoid the situation from escalating.

The answer to the question "Is the lawyer’s letter of Meituan true?" may need to wait for the public certification of authoritative channels. During this period, events may still evolve in many directions.

If the lawyer’s letter is proved to be true, it is likely to be a legal means for the US Mission to protect its legitimate rights and interests, but whether the public agrees with its legal strategy will become the focus of discussion. If the lawyer’s letter is proved to be false, then Meituan may face more legal risks, not only need to take countermeasures, but also need to repair the trust rift with consumers.

What is the truth? Dealing with such disputes should be based on facts and take the law as the criterion to avoid hasty accusations and the spread of false information.

Taking the public opinion crisis caused by "Is the letter from the lawyer of Meituan true" as an example, we can observe that how to deal with it in the storm of corporate public opinion is very critical. If it is a corporate behavior, it is necessary to prove the legitimacy of the behavior. If it is not a corporate behavior, it needs to be quickly and publicly rumored. At present, in the information-developed network society, timely public relations response can greatly enhance the credibility of the organization.

For consumers and the public, it is also very important to treat such events rationally. Don’t trust unconfirmed information, learn official channels and formal media to get the truth.

Generally speaking, "Is the lawyer’s letter of Meituan true" has aroused widespread concern about corporate behavior norms and user protection laws. This incident reminds us that both enterprises and individuals should keep a clear understanding of online speech and behavior norms to avoid falling into legal risks.

The final answer may also require the official statement of the US Mission. But whatever the truth is, we all expect the incident to usher in a fair and just solution, and the trust between enterprises and consumers can be built more healthily.

There have been three major incidents of "brake failure" in history. In 1986, Audi was in the United States, in 2009, Toyota was in the United States, and in 2021, Tesla was in China. Let’s not talk about the real reason for the time being. Let’s talk about the result first. Audi’s solution was a failure, which directly led to Audi’s sales drop in the following years, and then it was not an opponent of Mercedes-Benz BMW at all. Toyota solved the problem very successfully. After the truth came out, the stock price rose sharply and the sales volume rose sharply. Tesla’s solution was quite a failure this time, but it is not known whether it will affect sales.

If we are going to choose a new energy vehicle, we should not only look at the standard cruising range performance of the target model, but also look at its actual cruising range, especially in the cold winter. Of course, due to the limitation of objective conditions, it is not realistic to test by yourself, so you may wish to pay attention to the newly-launched 2022 new energy winter test activity. This winter test covers 54 mainstream models in various price ranges below 100,000, 100,000-200,000, 200,000-300,000 and above 300,000, such as BYD Dolphin, Nezha S, Han EV, Ideal L9, etc., which is very worthy of reference for car consumers.

Since it is a winter test, the temperature at the test site should naturally be low enough. Therefore, this winter test site was selected in Yakeshi City and genhe city, Hulunbeier, Inner Mongolia, where the temperature has dropped to 20 degrees below zero. Testing new energy vehicles in such a low temperature environment can naturally reflect the actual endurance performance and charging technology of the models.

In the endurance test of this winter test, it is limited to the load combination of one driver and one passenger, and the driving mode tends to be daily. At the same time, the braking energy recovery will be carried out in the economic driving mode/the strongest gear, and 100 electric charges will be replenished in advance and the automatic air conditioning temperature setting at 24℃ will be completed.

In addition to the cruising range and charging performance, this test will also evaluate the performance, intelligent cockpit, assisted driving and spatial performance of the model, and present the product strength of the model to the audience in multiple dimensions.

In fact, this is not the first time that Chedi has conducted a winter test of new energy vehicles. At the end of 2012, a related test was also conducted. At that time, 41 mainstream new energy vehicles were evaluated, involving 20 items such as battery life, charging, elk test and climbing, so that consumers can intuitively understand the actual quality of the vehicles. This year’s winter test involves more models and deserves consumers’ attention and expectation.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Shenzhen, January 28th　Question: Business depends on joining, customers depend on buying and selling, and classes depend on fooling — — Demystifying the "routines" of some early education institutions

　　Xinhua News Agency reporter Bai Yu

　　Without any training or qualification, you can join as long as you invest tens of thousands of yuan; By "purchasing" students through the enrollment agent, the advertising content is out of touch with the actual course; When enrolling students, they promised at will, and the contract was ambiguous. After paying the fees, they immediately "changed their faces".

　　Due to the strong demand, the early education institutions for 0-6 years old are experiencing explosive growth, among which there are many chaos. Some early education institutions rely on joining in business, buying and selling customers, and fooling in class. Parents often find themselves being "routine" after paying.

　　There are many traps in marketing "words" and enrollment "routines"

　　Recently, Ms. Kuang from Shenzhen was shopping with her 4-year-old daughter Lele (a pseudonym) when she was stopped by a "talent scout" holding a microphone and invited her children to participate in the free audition. Then they came to the "Shenzhen Times Huayu Culture Media Company Nanshan Branch" located in the sea world. After Lele was interviewed, a director praised Lele’s sense of lens, and said that there was only one place left for the two-day sea election to select 10 children, and he signed up for a two-year course of 23,800 yuan to train children in dance, piano and physique. He also promised that students can participate in film and television performances in the programs of two TV stations.

　　Ms. Kuang was moved and paid a deposit of several thousand yuan. Since then, the staff has been calling for reminders. Ms. Kuang recalled that the staff called it a "free audition" at that time, and found that the company had been complained by many parents. The previous parents said that there was no activity after studying for one year. So Ms. Kuang proposed to refund the deposit, but the staff refused on the grounds that the registration list had been handed in.

　　The reporter tweeted to contact the person in charge of the marketing department of Shenzhen Times Huayu Culture Media Company. The person in charge explained: "Parents have a misunderstanding about the film and television performance in the contract. The company organizes 1-3 activities every year, but whether it can be selected by TV stations depends on whether the children meet the requirements." At present, Shenzhen Consumers Association and Industrial and Commercial Bureau have been involved in investigating this matter.

　　Similar to this kind of free sea election training, it is not a case that empty promises refuse to be fulfilled. It is understood that the "words" and "routines" used in enrollment have become important contents for franchisees to train and teach franchisees.

　　On the grounds of wanting to invest in early education institutions, the reporter dialed the advertising telephone number of an early education institution called "Brain Potential Stimulation Class for 0-6 Years Old", which claims to have more than 130 branches in China. Manager Xie, the business manager, helped the reporter to analyze the 10 advantages of engaging in the early education industry, including no credit, no inventory, no after-sales, low cost, high profit, etc., and "no teacher qualification", and promised to help the reporter realize his dream of creating wealth in a short time with an initial fee of 50,000 yuan, and promised to provide "recruitment tips".

　　Open the part about "secrets of enrollment" in the Business Cooperation Manual, and recommend using the methods of consultation and coping with parents, and write impressively "Never tell parents ‘ No ’ " "The speed at which parents pay money is equal to the speed at which they are moved" and "Recommend packages at different prices according to parents’ class".

　　Shengyuan is freely promised by the buying and selling agent for signing multiple bills.

　　When you enroll your child in an early education institution, you may not know that the class has not started yet, and some tuition fees have been paid to the enrollment agent. According to insiders, it is an open secret of the early education industry to expand customers with the help of enrollment agents.

　　After referral, the reporter contacted an early education agent in Shanghai as a franchisee of early education institutions. The other party promised that "only 10,000 yuan will help you sell 400 course experience packages in two days, and ensure the conversion rate of more than 5%. If you fail to reach this amount, 10,000 yuan will be refunded." In other words, spending 10,000 yuan can attract at least 20 students. According to the annual tuition fee of at least 4,000 yuan per student, early education institutions can generate at least 80,000 yuan in return in two days. Therefore, the enrollment agent’s business is very hot, and the schedule has been scheduled for three months.

　　There are also franchise centers that help franchisees recruit students by collecting commissions. Manager Xie suggested that the "Brain Potential Stimulation Class for 0-6 Years Old" could help franchisees to expand customers and charge a commission of 10% of the tuition fee. Take a city in Shandong Province as an example, there are about 60,000 children aged 0-6 years old, among whom 12,000 parents have learned about the whole brain course, and 2,400 parents have participated in the experience, and 240 parents have signed up on the spot. Based on the tuition fee of 4,000 yuan per person, the total tuition fee is 960,000 yuan.

　　According to informed sources, because the enrollment agent or the marketing staff of early education institutions are not responsible for teaching, the only motivation is to sign more bills. Therefore, during the enrollment period, teachers’ qualifications will be fabricated, successful cases will be written, the teaching effect will be exaggerated, and many empty promises will be made to parents, which often leads to disputes.

　　"Empty Shell" Experts of Early Education in "Routine" Call for Strengthening Supervision

　　According to the data of "Research Report on the Operation Situation and Investment Strategy of Early Education Market in China from 2016 to 2022" published by China Industrial Information Network, the infant education market in China is in a period of rapid development, and the scale of early education market in 2017 is about 200 billion yuan.

　　It is understandable that early education institutions develop into chain and scale, but the industrialization development has not brought about the synchronous improvement of teaching quality. In addition to formal education brands, in recent years, some early education institutions that do not have educational qualifications have also emerged, wearing the cloak of early childhood education and engaging in the business of collecting money. There is a cost to expand customers, and marketing has to be paid, while the content of education is gradually empty. Educational ideas are patchwork, even completely contrary to the law of children’s growth, attracting investors under the guise of low or even zero franchise fees, and the quality of education is out of the question.

　　Sun Yunxiao, a researcher at China Youth Research Center and the chief expert of family education, pointed out that the Ministry of Education issued the Guide to Learning and Development for Children Aged 3-6, emphasizing that education should follow the law of children’s physical and mental development. He called for strengthening the supervision of the teaching content of early education institutions, so that early childhood education can return to educational values and ideals, and disorderly industrialization and "educational anxiety" from adults can let our children go.

　　Lu Qin, chief education expert of China Children’s Press and Publication Corporation, pointed out: "Parents should not panic in a large number of choices. The education department should correct the disorderly development of early childhood education, keep up with the pace of the times, and make the education we choose more in line with children’s nature."

Maoxian People’s Hospital held a ceremony to pay homage to the teacher, and the doctors in this hospital presented Qiang Hong to the "Master" of jianyang city People’s Hospital. Photo courtesy of jianyang city People’s Hospital


Deng Zhihui (first from right), an ophthalmologist in jianyang city People’s Hospital, instructs doctors in Dazhu County People’s Hospital. Photo courtesy of jianyang city People’s Hospital


Zhang Hongmin (neutral), a doctor from Suining First People’s Hospital, followed up patients with hypertension in Sancha Village, Tonghua Township, Li County. Photo courtesy of Suining First People’s Hospital


The counterpart support doctors of Sichuan Orthopedic Hospital examined the people in Songpan County. Photo courtesy of Provincial Orthopedic Hospital

　　focus

　　On February 2nd, a ceremony was held in Maoxian People’s Hospital, where 15 medical staff drank wine to five doctors who came to support jianyang city People’s Hospital. Five masters also presented professional books to the disciples, put on stethoscopes for them, and told them to constantly improve their ability to serve patients in their studies.

　　The ability construction of health talents is the key to cure diseases for the masses. On December 14th last year, the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission innovatively implemented the "mentoring" project of medical and health counterpart support in poverty-stricken areas, aiming at transferring knowledge, helping institutions and bringing apprentices, and building a willing, capable and supportive local talent team for poverty-stricken areas, which is a new focus of health and poverty alleviation in our province.

　　Medical institutions at all levels acted quickly. At the beginning of the new year, 9 medical staff from the Provincial Orthopedic Hospital went to Xuanhan County and Songpan County, 10 experts from Panzhihua Central Hospital came to Muli County, and 50 medical staff from Neijiang City went to 19 medical institutions in 17 poverty-stricken counties … Teams came to the recipient medical institutions to help build health talents in poverty-stricken areas.

　　A

　　Teacher and apprentice

　　Create qualified local doctors

　　On January 8th, Zhang Hongmin, an orthopedic surgeon of Suining First People’s Hospital, came to Tonghua Township Health Center in Lixian County on the first day, and signed a "mentoring" agreement with the hospital, and also formulated the teaching and village doctor training plan for this year’s health center. "In addition to relieving the pain of local people, it is more important to train qualified local doctors so that they can be independent in the future."

　　On January 17th, Zhou Xuebing from Taoping Town came to Tonghua Township Health Center. The fourth toe of his left foot was red, swollen and painful for 4 days, and an abscess under the nail was formed in the affected area. Zhang Hongmin took Yu Fan, a disciple, to remove Zhou Xuebing’s toenails after local anesthesia, and instructed Yu Fan to dress the wound. "After many instructions from the teacher, I can now complete the nail removal operation myself." Yu Fan is very excited.

　　On January 12th, Ren Zhen (pseudonym) became the first local beneficiary of laparoscopic tubal ligation in Danba County People’s Hospital. She was operated by Kang Liping, the attending physician of Chengdu Sixth People’s Hospital who supported Danba County. Many local women of childbearing age choose tubal ligation for contraception, which causes great trauma and slow wound recovery. Kang Liping thought of using laparoscopic ligation, which not only reduces the pain of patients, shortens the hospitalization days, but also reduces the use of antibiotics. She learned that the hospital has laparoscopic surgical instruments, and the members of the department also have the basis to study laparoscopy, so she organized the doctors of the department to learn the relevant knowledge of laparoscopic surgery. Ren Zhen’s operation was very smooth, which also allowed local doctors to experience the operation process "zero distance". "I benefited a lot and gained a lot."

　　On March 6th, Tan Cuixia, Tang Hao and Luo Yang, members of the medical team of Chengdu First People’s Hospital in Leibo County, came to Wujiao Village and Temen Village for a free clinic, together with their apprentices. They diagnosed diseases, measured blood sugar, performed B-ultrasound for local people, and carried out traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment such as moxibustion and massage. Tan Cuixia guided his apprentice Shi Xiaomin to operate. After three days of free clinic, the disciples learned medical skills from the teacher.

　　B

　　Treat an emergency

　　The patients here need us.

　　From the city to the poverty-stricken areas, the counterpart support team members are thinking about how to leave their medical experience, pass on their skills to their apprentices, and improve the level of the aided medical institutions as soon as possible.

　　This year’s Spring Festival, the Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu supported the captain of the medical team of sertar county Hospital to stay in sertar county Hospital with team member Yao Zuoyi. "This kind of Spring Festival is more memorable."

　　On New Year’s Eve, after rounds, they prepare a reunion dinner with the local doctors on duty and jump in the pot farm with the local people. While greeting each other, a patient with a broken metacarpal bone was taken to the hospital, and Yao Zuoyi immediately examined and treated the patient. During the Spring Festival, they treated several emergency patients, such as acute pancreatitis and full-scale burns, and felt more and more that there were limited medical conditions and a lack of doctors, and there were still many things to be done. What the two doctors said most in video communication with their families was, "The patients here need us."

　　On the morning of March 16th, Hu Zhipu and two local apprentices made rounds in the maternity ward of Derong County Maternal and Child Health Family Planning Service Center, and explained the reasons for the patient’s treatment plan to the apprentices. As the attending physician of Qingyang District Maternal and Child Health Family Planning Service Center in Chengdu, Hu Zhipu has been in Derong County for more than a year, and only goes home on major festivals. "I think of this as another home." Hu Zhipu also contacted the caring team in Chengdu to raise common medicines and clothes for the poor people in Tibetan areas. On the weekend, she and the medical team visited the village to carry out free clinics. "Although the clothes we sent are not the latest and our technology is not the best, we must send love." Once, she suffered from acute attack of cholecystitis caused by stone incarceration. At that time, there were many patients in the hospital who needed emergency surgery. She unplugged the infusion needle and joined the medical team.

　　C

　　teach

　　Innovate the new path of talent training in poverty-stricken areas

　　"The’ mentoring’ project will innovate the training method of health talents in poverty-stricken areas and will supplement the existing talent training plan." Relevant persons of the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission said that this assistance action has established a stable pairing relationship, and implemented mentoring, remote diagnosis and treatment guidance, and remote teaching, so as to strive that by 2020, local medical and health personnel in poverty-stricken areas can meet the medical and health service needs of local people.

　　"What the masses are most worried about is the medical skills of doctors. The’ mentoring’ project will play a good role in promoting talents through measures such as mentoring." The relevant person in charge of the Health and Family Planning Bureau of Enyang District, Bazhong City said.

　　The "mentoring" project, which "disseminates" knowledge and skills, adopts clinical training, process teaching and special training to improve the four professional qualities of local talents at county and township levels in a relatively short period of time, such as academic qualifications, professional titles, practicing capital and job skills. "Helping" means helping institutions and disciplines, and adopting the methods of sinking the technical team, sinking the discipline team and sinking the management team, etc., so as to promote the state and county level institutions and central health centers to reach the standard and grade, and the disciplines are developed. "Bringing" means bringing individuals and teams, and adopting the methods of mentoring, remote diagnosis and treatment, quality review, etc., so that the help objects can grow into talents as soon as possible.

　　In order to stop going through the motions, the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission has set a clear goal for the "mentoring" project. Every year, 350 general practitioners will be transferred to jobs and 7,000 qualified village doctors will be trained. By 2020, the goal of "one township, one general practitioner" and "one village, one doctor" will be realized. In principle, there should be at least one belt and three for medical institutions, at least one belt and two for women and children’s institutions, at least one belt and two for disease control and supervision institutions, and at least one belt and two for central health centers to ensure the coverage of major departments (majors) and personnel within three years; Focus on cultivating the ability of diagnosis and treatment of common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases, identification and referral of acute and critical diseases, and monitoring and disposal of infectious diseases. (Reporter Shi Xiaohong, Xu Hong)

　　

　　A nature reserve has many signs, which are called scenic spots, tourist areas, geological parks, etc. There are also a large number of urban and township built-up areas in the reserve, and the ecological space and production and living space squeeze each other. The chaos in this nature reserve will be thoroughly rectified.

　　On March 17th, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs jointly issued the Plan for the Construction of National Parks and Other Nature Reserves and Major Projects for the Protection of Wild Animals and Plants (2021-2035) (hereinafter referred to as the "Construction Plan"), which determined that by 2025, the integration and optimization of nature reserves will be completed, and the unified registration of natural resources will be carried out. By 2035, the layout of nature reserves will be further optimized, and the total area will be stable at more than 18% of the land area.

　　"After the institutional reform in 2018, all kinds of nature reserves will be protected and supervised by the forestry and grass departments. Integrate all kinds of nature reserves, and in principle only keep one brand. " On March 18th, National Forestry and Grassland Administration experts told the First Financial Reporter.

　　The contradiction between protection and utilization of various nature reserves is prominent, which is one of the main problems faced by the construction of national parks and other nature reserves in China for many years.

　　There are a large number of urban and township built-up areas in the nature reserve, and the problem of mutual extrusion between ecological space and production and living space is prominent. Photography/Zhangke

　　According to the Construction Plan, due to historical reasons, the conflict between man and land in China’s nature reserves is more prominent. There are a large number of mining rights in nature reserves, and there are contradictions and conflicts between the development of mineral resources and the basic positioning of nature reserves; Water activities such as waterway shipping in nature reserves overlap with the distribution areas of aquatic organisms.

　　The Construction Plan also points out other outstanding problems in China’s nature reserves: influenced by the original natural resource management system, China’s nature reserves lack a unified and coordinated top-level design, and various departments set them up according to their own functions, resulting in unscientific and unsystematic classification system of nature reserves in China, and unclear and uncoordinated functional positioning. At the same time, the separate demarcation has also caused the spatial overlap among 49.8% nature reserves in China.

　　At the same time, the "Construction Plan" indicates that nature reserves and endangered species in China are mostly distributed in remote and backward areas, with limited construction investment and obviously insufficient protection and management capabilities; Due to the rapid economic development, rapid population growth and the lack of scientific and reasonable land use policies, China’s natural forest area has decreased, wetlands have shrunk, grasslands have deteriorated, wildlife habitats and wild plants’ original habitats have been seriously disturbed, eroded, fragmented and destroyed, and habitat islanding, fragmentation and functional degradation have become serious problems. The ability to prevent and control epidemic diseases and alien invasive species is insufficient.

　　Based on these problems, the Construction Plan proposes to properly mediate contradictions and conflicts in national parks, and smoothly and orderly withdraw mining rights, hydropower stations and other projects that do not meet the requirements of national park management and control. On the basis of fully soliciting the opinions of the owners and contractors, the collective land with high protection value in the core protection area will be given priority to standardize the circulation through leasing and replacement, and will be managed by the national park management agency in a unified way. Rational use of natural resources, franchising in general control areas according to law.

　　Relevant experts who participated in the preparation of the Construction Plan told the First Financial Reporter that promoting the franchise of nature reserves in a reasonable and orderly manner can lay a good foundation for the development of eco-industries such as eco-tourism and forest health care, promote the improvement of infrastructure and investment environment in communities and surrounding areas, and help stimulate domestic demand and expand employment.

　　What impact will the "301" list put forward by the United States twice have? It is worth further analysis from the data. The full text is about 6600 words.

　　Michael Kinsley, a columnist in Washington Post, once imagined the following scenario when introducing the game theory of Thomas Schelling, a great game theory scholar and Nobel laureate in economics:

　　"You are standing on the edge of a cliff, with chains around your ankles, and your opponent is locked at the other end of the chain. As long as your opponent gives up, you will be released and win a big prize. Here’s the thing: your only means is to threaten to push him off the cliff — — But that means you’ll be shattered, too. So, how can you persuade your opponent to give in? "

　　Schelling’s answer is: "You start dancing and get closer and closer to the edge of the cliff. In this way, you don’t need to convince your opponent that you are crazy — — Take him and yourself out of the abyss. All you need to do is convince your opponent that you are more willing to take the risk of falling off the cliff out of control than he is. If you can do this, you will win. "

　　Schelling’s thoughts have influenced a generation’s understanding of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Fortunately, or unfortunately, after the end of the Cold War and the development of globalization for nearly 30 years, we may have to turn back to the old paper pile to find the wisdom of our predecessors.

　　The reality is that after at least two rounds of negotiations and a "consensus" were reached between China and the United States, President Trump once again opened the trigger insurance for the Sino-US trade war. On May 29th, Trump announced that he would continue to seek to impose punitive tariffs on China’s imports. On June 15th, another boot that the market has been waiting for fell, and the Office of the US Trade Representative published a list of goods worth about $50 billion for China. Compared with the preliminary list published on April 6, the new list has undergone two changes: First, 818 of the 1,333 8-digit HS-coded commodities listed in the preliminary list have been retained. As the first batch of commodities in the final list, they have already faced 25% additional tariffs from the US Customs on July 6, and this batch of commodities is worth about $34 billion. Second, a second batch of goods has been added to the final list, including 284 goods worth about $16 billion, which will be taxed after the hearing procedure.

　　The President of the United States, who is well versed in "the art of trading", did not give the market a breathing space. On July 10th, the President announced that he planned to impose a 10% tariff on a new batch of China goods worth $200 billion, and held a hearing in late August. Another boot hangs high, waiting to land … …

　　Almost at the same time, the Trump administration also announced a tax on steel and aluminum products exported to the United States by the European Union, Canada and Mexico. Trump’s capricious and all-round "fighting style" has left his opponents (and perhaps some of his ministers) at a loss. This repeated change (let’s call it "Trump uncertainty") may reflect his firm belief in fulfilling his promise to voters, or perhaps the game between the two forces of hawks and doves in his cabinet. We don’t know. But one thing is certain: the Trump administration’s eyes have always been fixed on containing the future potential of China’s economic development. "Made in China 2025", which was issued by the State Council in 2015 and the China version of "Industry 4.0" plan, finally became a household name with the Sino-US trade dispute in 2018.

　　Then, what kind of impact will the "301" list put forward by the United States twice have? It is worth further analysis from the data.

　　Analysis of tax list

　　First of all, considering the "232" list of steel and aluminum products in March, the "301" list of $50 billion imported goods in June, and the "301" list of $200 billion added in July, at present, the scope of US taxation on goods from China is close to 50% of all its imports. We use the import data published by the US Bureau of Statistics in 2017, so the actual amount involved is slightly different from the target amount announced by the US government. Interestingly, the list in July involved goods worth nearly $200 billion, covering 6,031 goods with HS8-digit codes, while the remaining goods that have not yet entered any list, worth nearly $260 billion, accounting for more than half of the US imports from China, only contained 3,313 goods with HS8-digit codes. In other words, there are real "big guys" who are not involved in the "trade war". Judging from the share of these goods in the total imports of similar goods in the United States (column [6] of Table 1), it can also be clearly seen that with the spread of the "trade war", China goods listed in the tax list in July accounted for 23.2% of the total imports of similar goods in the United States, far exceeding the two lists in June (7.7% and 14.7% respectively), while these goods that have not been listed account for 38% of the imports of similar goods in the United States. It can be said,Strategists who want to know what is the "pain point" of the United States and what is the real competitiveness of China manufacturing may wish to study these products that are not on the list.

　　Note: Data are from the United States Bureau of Statistics; 6— There are 51 items, 11 items and 1,030 products in the three lists in July, and the value of US imports from China in 2017 is zero. One product, aluminum products, is listed on the "232" list of steel and aluminum and the "301" list in July.

　　From the bar chart in Figure 1, we can see the distribution of different listed goods in different industries more intuitively. According to the definition of customs, we divide all commodities into 22 categories, from animal and plant products to works of art and unclassified products. According to the value of the "301" list in June, figure 1 is obtained from the highest to the bottom. Obviously, on the list in June, mechanical and electrical products, optical, medical devices, transportation equipment and other industrial intermediates and parts are the most concerned objects. By July, on the list of 200 billion yuan, electromechanical still topped the list. The proportion of miscellaneous products, especially some direct consumer goods (such as games, furniture, chairs, lamps and lighting devices, etc.) has increased significantly. More importantly, the product areas covered by the July list have also increased significantly. Among the 22 industry categories, the June list only involves 8 industries, while the July list has not been spared except for weapons and ammunition and unclassified goods. At present, products that have not been listed on the tax list are mainly concentrated in industries such as electromechanical, textile, miscellaneous products, shoes and hats.

　　Note: The above 8-digit commodities of HS do not include 330 commodities (except 76169951) worth $2.8 billion in the list of steel and aluminum 232. The list taxes steel products by 25% and aluminum products by 10%.

　　Data source: The author collates the data from the United States Bureau of Statistics.

　　So to what extent will the taxation of these goods affect the domestic economy of the United States? A simple judgment method is: If there are many competitors for a commodity and the market share of China exporters is low, then the tax on the product may have little impact, because the buyer can easily find a substitute. Therefore, in Figure 2 to Figure 4, we classify the products listed in June, July and not listed in the list according to the industry categories defined by China Customs, and calculate the proportion of the value of US imports from China in the total imports of the same category, so as to reflect the dependence of the United States on China’s exports. It can be seen that among the eight categories of goods affected by the list in June, base metal products account for the highest import share, but only 28.2%. Followed by ceramic glass products and electromechanical products (17.2% and 16% respectively). By contrast, for the July list, China is the main source of imports for the United States in a considerable variety of products. Shoes and hats exported from China account for 73.8% of the total import value of such products in the United States, and the import shares of miscellaneous products and fur products are as high as 65.6% and 60.4%.

　　Data source: The author collates the data from the United States Bureau of Statistics.

　　Data source: The author collates the data from the United States Bureau of Statistics.

　　In this $260 billion commodity that is not listed in any list, China accounts for an even larger proportion. For example, vegetation products account for 75%, the remaining mechanical and electrical equipment accounts for 73%, and shoes and hats account for 72%. There are eight major categories of products, and the import proportion of China in the United States exceeds 50%.

　　Data source: The author collates the data from the United States Bureau of Statistics.

　　The use of goods exported from China to the United States is also very important. According to the BEC classification standard of the United Nations Statistics Department, we classify commodities into four categories according to their final use: consumer goods, capital goods, intermediate products and other four categories. Using the value data of goods imported by the United States from China in 2017, Figure 5 compares the total import value of goods listed in June, listed in July and not listed in each category. In June, the products targeted by the two lists were mainly capital goods and intermediate goods (accounting for 94.4% and 97.6% respectively). The import value of capital goods in List 1 was comparable to that of intermediate goods, both of which were more than 15 billion US dollars, while the value of intermediate goods in List 2 was twice that of capital goods, accounting for 65.2% of the total import value of List 2. The July list covers all categories, among which the value of intermediate products is as high as 94.7 billion US dollars, accounting for the highest proportion (48.1%); Capital goods ranked second, with a total import value of US$ 57.5 billion, accounting for 29.2% of the total import value in the list. What is important is that the share of consumer goods in each list has increased significantly. In June, the consumer goods involved in the two lists were worth $163 million and $339 million respectively, accounting for only 0.5% and 2.4% of the total value of their respective lists; In July, consumer goods accounted for 22.7% of the list. In 2017, the import value totaled 44.8 billion US dollars, which was more than 89 times the sum of the value of consumer goods in the two lists in June. The goods not nominated in the list mainly belong to capital goods and consumer goods, worth $120.7 billion and $98.3 billion respectively.It accounts for 46.6% and 37.9% of the import value of goods not on the list. Another $34 billion of intermediate products have not been affected by the tax list. It can be said that with the intensification of the "trade war", American consumers will inevitably be directly affected by rising prices. The manufacturing enterprises in the United States will inevitably face the pressure of rising parts costs, leading to a decline in competitiveness, which may further reduce American exports.

　　Further, in Table 2, we list the top 10 products (HS4-digit codes) imported by the United States from China in 2017, and count the amount of these 10 products affected by each list and the number of HS8-digit products respectively. Obviously, these 10 products that the United States needs most from China are not the key targets of the US tax list. These products were basically spared in the two lists in June, while the value of products taxed by the list in July for the first-ranked wireless communication equipment (such as mobile phones) was $23.6 billion, accounting for 32.9% of the total imports of such products. Automatic data processing equipment (computers) and spare parts products ranked second and third are the few products in the top 10 categories that are taxed by the June list, but they only account for 2.9% and 1.4% of the imports of their respective HS4 products. However, the list in July increased the tax value of these two kinds of products, and the import proportion of taxed products rose to 15.6% and 98.6%. Interestingly, all computer parts and components were included in the tax list, but did it lead exporters to further transfer processing and assembly to China and export finished computers? In addition, imported furniture ranked sixth and auto parts, lighting devices and suitcases and handbags ranked eighth to tenth were all wiped out in the July list.

　　Furthermore, from the point of view of HS8-digit products, Table 3 summarizes the distribution of market share of listed products in the United States. According to the import data of the United States in 2017, we calculated the share of HS8 products imported by the United States from China to similar products imported by the United States from the world. It is not difficult to find that the market share of China commodities targeted by the steel and aluminum 232 list and the two lists in June is mainly concentrated in 0-mdash; 25% and 25%— In the 50% range. In July, however, the list gradually shifted its target to commodities with larger market share, and the scope and intensity of the spread were significantly increased. The market share is at 50%— 75% and 75%— For goods within the range of 100%, the cumulative import amount taxed by the July list is 40.8% and 24.5% of the total amount of the July list respectively. Among the commodities that have not been affected by the list, the market share of commodities worth $163.3 billion exceeds 75%, accounting for 63% of the total value without tariffs.

　　Taxation and "Optimal Tariff": A Theoretical Explanation

　　From these analyses, we can know that if the scope of taxation in the United States is extended to its July list, or even further extended to products that are not listed, it will inevitably hit those products that China imports in the United States, including a large number of consumer goods and a wide range of industrial intermediates. This will not only hit China’s export enterprises, but also hurt the welfare of American consumers. In this sense, tariffs are essentially "taxes levied on domestic consumers" (Dartmouth College economist Douglas Irwin).

　　What is worrying is that "Trump uncertainty" will bring great troubles to the efficient global value chain, and force entrepreneurs to consider political factors while considering the global production layout. Even if we don’t consider the effects that will take some time to show, in the short term, tariffs will immediately increase the cost of exporters. These extra costs will force exporters in China to lower the export price and partially "share" the price increase faced by consumers (in the case of prevailing intermediate trade, consumers here are often producers in downstream industries). The part that cannot be fully shared will be "transmitted" to consumers, forming the after-tax import price.

　　Obviously, the stronger the downstream buyers (consumers), the more they can force the upstream sellers (exporters) to make concessions and lower some export prices. Consumers like you and me can’t change the market price by buying more or less. In economic terms, we are faced with infinite supply "elasticity", or the supply curve is horizontal. But big buyers are different. For example, a big supermarket like Wal-Mart can completely influence the price through the purchase volume. At this time, the supply curve is inclined upward. It is also true to further expand the analysis to the national perspective. Small countries can’t influence the world price, but they are the recipients of the price, while big countries are faced with an upward supply curve and can influence the world price. Obviously, the United States is a real big country and the largest market in the world. Therefore, it can press exporters to lower prices by imposing import tariffs. In the theory of international trade, the ratio of export price to import price is called "terms of trade", which can be improved by imposing tariffs to force the import price to decrease.

　　Therefore, for a big country, increasing tariffs will certainly lead to the loss of consumer welfare — — Because the after-tax price faced by consumers is still rising, from the welfare point of view, the improvement of terms of trade means that there is such a positive "optimal" tariff, which maximizes the net income of big countries. This may be one reason why Trump dares to wave the "tariff" stick. Specific to each product, its "optimal" tariff rate depends on the supply elasticity of the commodity (exporter). For goods with less elasticity of supply, the response to tariffs is more intense, the proportion of export price decline is more, and the optimal tariff is bigger. Therefore, international economists have abstracted a very simple formula to determine the optimal tariffs of different commodities in the case of big countries, namely: tariff rate = 1/export supply elasticity.

　　Further analysis of tariffs

　　Based on this, we summarize the original tariff level of each listed commodity in Table 4. Generally speaking, American import tariffs remain at a fairly low level. The tariff of most imported goods is less than 5%, while the tariff of quite a few goods is zero. For example, in June, 375 of the commodities involved in List 1 had no import duties, accounting for 60.9% of the list value. This proportion is 48.6% in June list 2 and 54.2% in July list. In the two lists in June, only five goods with the original tariff of HS8 were higher than 10%, and the sum of import values was less than $05 million, while in the list in July, there were 329 goods with the original tariff higher than 10% and the total import value was $3.228 billion.

　　Data source: According to the data compiled by the US Bureau of Statistics, some commodity tariff data are missing.

　　Figure 6 compares the import tariffs of the United States with those of China. We weighted the import tariffs of China and the United States according to the import value according to 22 categories of industries, and got Figure 2. Each point in the graph represents the import tariffs of the United States (horizontal axis) and China (vertical axis). Most of the points are above the 45-degree line, which shows that the tariff structure between China and the United States does have the situation that the US tariff is lower and the Chinese tariff is higher. This goes without saying, but considering the current tariff structure of the United States, it began in 1934 that President Roosevelt took the initiative to lower tariffs and sought other countries to lower trade barriers in order to promote American exports. As the country that has benefited the most from international trade, the United States led the signing of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, the predecessor of WTO), which advocated free trade. China, on the other hand, only started the negotiations on joining the WTO in the mid-1990s, and reduced the import tariff from an average of 43% in 1992 to around 9.8% in 2007. In addition, in Figure 6, we have not considered the import of processing trade that is common in China, which accounts for about 13% of China’s imports from the United States, and it is exempted from customs duties or refunded in the import process.

　　Figure 6 Comparison of Weighted Import Tariff (MFN) between China and the United States

　　Source: WITS (2016), compiled by Qin Ruobing.

　　According to the optimal tariff theory, we re-estimate the optimal tariff of American goods imported from China by using the elastic estimation data provided by Anson Soderbery, an economist at Purdue University. HS8-bit commodities with missing elasticity data are replaced by the average elasticity of the commodities at HS6, HS4 and HS2. Table 5 summarizes the relationship and proportion of the actual original tariff, new tariff and optimal tariff of each imported commodity. Obviously, after the tariffs were added to the three lists, the new tariffs of most commodities exceeded the optimal tariffs. In June, 71% and 48% of goods were listed in the list 1 and July, respectively, and their original tariffs were lower than the highest tariffs. After adding 25% and 10% tariffs respectively, the proportion dropped to 43% and 26%. Among the commodities targeted in Listing 2 in June, 57% of the commodities have their original import tariffs exceeding the optimal tariffs. After the tariff of 25% is added, the proportion of goods exceeding the optimal tariff will be as high as 75%.

　　Data source: The author estimates according to the elastic data provided by Soderbery (2018JIE). Some commodity tariff data are missing.

　　Game dilemma of optimal tariff

　　Since there is such an "optimal" tariff for a big country, the improvement of terms of trade brought by tariff collection offsets or even exceeds the loss of consumer welfare, why do economists actively advocate tariff reduction? This is because in this world, not only a big country, even a small country, often has the ability to influence world prices in certain industries or commodities, not to mention domestic political considerations and national sentiments, and it will not allow a country to impose tariffs on the other side without taking any countermeasures. Imagine, if there are only two countries in the world, and they all give each other a tariff attack on a specific industry according to the theory of optimal tariff, both sides have improved their terms of trade in the industry that raised import tariffs, and suffered losses in the export industry. In most cases, the result is that both sides are in a dilemma: both sides get benefits by increasing tariffs to attack their opponents, but if both sides take measures to reduce tariffs, both sides can benefit; However, the difficulty is that neither side can or will unilaterally declare a truce — — Because it means greater losses. In this way, the two countries have fallen into the common "prisoner’s dilemma" in game theory. In this game, each side acts according to the optimal strategy under given conditions, but the final outcome is "lose-lose".

　　If every country in the world acts unilaterally according to the optimal tariff strategy, or retaliates against the tax payers, then we will go back to the Great Depression in the 1930s, due to the introduction of Smoot — The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act pushed the average import tariff of the United States from 40% to nearly 60%. In just two years, the import and export of the United States fell by 40% at the same time. The world trading system has suffered a major blow.

　　Is there a solution to jump out of the "prisoner’s dilemma" of building trade barriers? History has long given us the answer. In the process of European reconstruction after World War II, Americans led the signing of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1948, and through an external agreement, they forced the signatory countries to reduce or exempt tariffs from each other, thus jumping out of the "prisoner’s dilemma". GATT, as well as the World Trade Organization (WTO), which replaces GATT, stipulates that when a country reduces or exempts tariffs on one GATT member, it must also undertake the same duty of reducing or exempting tariffs on all other GATT members. This is the most important principle of "Most Favoured Nation" in GATT. This principle also protects many small countries that do not have the negotiating ability to share the welfare improvement brought about by trade liberalization to the greatest extent.

　　Ironically, today, with the development of globalization far exceeding the 1950s, the main founders and promoters of the international multilateral economic and trade system are working to challenge or even destroy this system, instead of improving and perfecting it. Carla Hills, an American trade representative in the 1990s, once said, "Without WTO, the world would have only the law of the jungle". I hope that the leaders of China and the United States, and even the world, will have enough courage and wisdom to lead us away from that scene.

On March 28th, the first goods exported by market procurement in Chengdu were cleared by Qingbaijiang Customs at Chengdu Customs. The goods, valued at $148,000, will be exported to Poland on the China Europe train (Chengdu).

In September 2018, Chengdu International Trade City was approved as the fourth batch of pilot markets for market procurement and trade methods in China. This is the first pilot export trade after approval. The main commodities are men’s cotton-padded jacket and women’s leisure suits.

The trade mode of market procurement refers to the trade mode in which qualified business operators purchase goods in the market gathering area recognized by the national commerce authorities and other departments, and the value of goods with a single ticket declaration form is less than 150,000 US dollars (including 150,000 US dollars), and the export goods are cleared at the place of purchase. Fourteen cities in four batches were approved for pilot projects. jinniu district, Chengdu, where Chengdu International Trade City is located, is the first and only pilot project in the western region.

According to the relevant person in charge of Chengdu Customs, the goods purchased in the market have the characteristics of "single small goods and miscellaneous goods". In this way, small and micro businesses can also participate in foreign trade. Zhou Lizhi, chief economist of Chengdu Municipal Bureau of Commerce, said that the pilot of market procurement trade mode also has five policy advantages: implementing VAT exemption, facilitating customs clearance, innovating exchange system, improving supervision ability and lowering entry threshold.

The relevant person in charge of Chengdu said that Chengdu will take the pilot market procurement trade mode as an opportunity to strengthen trade exchanges with countries and regions along the "Belt and Road" and continuously expand the pan-Eurasian international market.(Reporter   Zhang Minghai)