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Chinese food culture has a long history.

Decoct, frying and stew three meals a day,

We are all inseparable from oil.

As the second largest crop in China,

Constantly stimulating the taste buds,

Open the carnival on the tip of your tongue.

What are the types of "oil bottles" in China?

What knowledge is closely related to health?

Today, small farmers invited

Rapeseed genetic breeder, academician of China Academy of Engineering.

Wang Hanzhong,

Ask experts to talk about the knowledge of edible vegetable oil for everyone.

　 　 　 　What is an oil crop?

Oil crops refer to a kind of crops that mainly produce oil and protein, and the proportion of oil and protein in their seeds exceeds 50%. The representative crops are rape, soybean, peanut, sesame and sunflower.

In addition to the above herbaceous oil crops, perennial woody oil plants such as camellia oleifera, oil palm, coconut and walnut are also good oil plants.

Main oil crops

oil seed rape

"The world sees China for rape", and China is the origin of rape, which has been cultivated for thousands of years.

Rapeseed is the largest source of edible oil for plants in China, and it is the most widely distributed and planted oil crop in China. In China, winter rape is mainly planted, which is mainly distributed in the Yangtze River basin and the south of the Yellow River, while spring rape planting area is relatively small, which is concentrated in the north of the Yellow River.

The main types of rape cultivated in China are Brassica napus and Brassica napus. Brassica napus (small rape) evolved from Chinese cabbage in northwest China, and Brassica napus evolved from natural hybridization between Chinese cabbage and cabbage in the Mediterranean basin, which is a common rape type at present.

Rapeseed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid and linolenic acid, of which omega-3 accounts for about 10% and omega-6 accounts for about 20%. These fatty acids are very important for cardiovascular health, which helps to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease.

1. Omega-3 is a general term for a class of unsaturated fatty acids. It cannot be synthesized by itself in human body, and it must be supplemented by the outside world, which can reduce the level of triglycerides, reduce the production of fat and inhibit the synthesis of other fatty acids.

2. Omega-6 is one of the fatty acids needed by human body, which can’t be synthesized by itself in human body. It has the function of synthesizing prostaglandin and other regulatory molecules, which can reduce blood viscosity. Omega-6 will be converted into fatty acids needed for infant brain development in human body to promote normal brain development.

soybean

Soybean originated in China, and has been an important food crop in China since ancient times, with a cultivation history of more than 5,000 years. The main production areas are concentrated in Northeast China, Huanghuai River Basin and some southern regions.

Like rape, soybean oil is rich in linolenic acid and omega-6, of which omega-3 accounts for about 9% and omega-6 accounts for nearly 30%, which are important sources of essential fatty acids for human body.

peanut

Peanut, a leguminous peanut belonging to panicum miliaceum, is a kind of nut widely planted in China, which is rich in yield and deeply loved by people. It is also called "longevity fruit" and "mudou".

China is the first major producer of peanuts, and the main producing areas are mainly Huang-Huai River Basin, such as Shandong and Henan.

The main components of peanuts include protein, fat and sugar. From the point of view of oil, peanut has high oleic acid content, and omega-6 accounts for a relatively high proportion, which can effectively reduce low-density cholesterol. Moreover, there are sterols in peanut oil, and regular consumption of peanuts also plays a certain role in preventing coronary heart disease.

sesame

　 　 　 Sesame is an important oil crop in China. Common sesame seeds are mainly black and white, of which black is mainly used for eating, while white is mostly used for oil extraction.

Sesame is widely planted in China, mainly in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, with more distribution in Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Hebei and other provinces.

Sesame seeds contain about 45%-55% oil and 17%-27% protein. The oil extracted from sesame seeds has a fragrant smell and can be used as edible oil and medicine.

sunflower

Sunflower, a tall annual herb in Compositae, is native to North America and cultivated all over the world. Sunflower planting in China is mainly concentrated in arid areas such as northwest and northeast China.

The oil content of sunflower seeds can reach 45%-60%, and it is delicious. The content of omega-6 in sunflower seed oil is high, reaching about 60%, which has many benefits for removing vascular garbage and preventing cardiovascular diseases. The fly in the ointment is that the content of omega-3 in sunflower is relatively low, only about 1%.

Woody oil crops

tea-oil tree

Camellia oil is an edible vegetable oil extracted from the mature seeds of Camellia oleifera. It grows in the mountains and hilly areas of subtropical humid climate areas in southern China, and the main producing areas are in southern China.

The oil content of Camellia oleifera is not high, generally around 20%-30%, and the unsaturated fatty acid content is as high as 90%. Compared with common rapeseed oil, soybean oil and peanut oil, the "oil efficiency" is not ideal.

walnut

Walnut is one of the world-famous "Four Dried Fruits" and has the reputation of "longevity fruit" among the people.

The oil content of walnut is far ahead among many woody oil plants, and its kernel oil content is as high as 70%, so it is also called "oil depot on the tree".

Walnut oil is the most nutritious variety among woody plants, with its omega-3 content accounting for about 10% and omega-6 content accounting for 30%-40%, especially the northern Xinjiang walnut oil, which can be comparable to the high-quality rapeseed oil on the market. However, the omega-3 content of walnut oil in southern China is relatively low, about 2%.

In addition, walnuts are also rich in calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc and various vitamins, which are of great benefit to children’s physical and intellectual development. In recent years, walnut oil has become a new generation of walnut products, and it is a woody oil crop with the best health effect, which has been loved by many consumers.

Chinese olive

Olive oil is made from fresh olive fruit by direct cold pressing. The main producing countries of olive are concentrated in Mediterranean coastal countries, and are mainly planted in Longnan, Gansu and northern Sichuan in China.

The oleic acid (monounsaturated fatty acid) content of olive oil is extremely high, reaching 80%. Eating oil rich in monounsaturated fatty acids is beneficial to lowering "bad cholesterol" (low-density cholesterol) and raising "good cholesterol" (high-density cholesterol) in blood, so it is especially praised by people all over the world. Moreover, due to the low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and linolenic acid), the heat resistance is good and the oxidation risk is relatively small.

The fly in the ointment is that olive oil and camellia oil have a common shortcoming, that is, they almost do not contain an essential fatty acid-α -linolenic acid, which will do great harm to human health if the diet is lacking for a long time.

palm

Palm oil is a tropical woody plant oil. Southeast Asia and Africa are the main producing areas of palm oil, accounting for about 80% of the world’s total palm oil production. Indonesia, Malaysia and Nigeria are the top three producers in the world. China’s palm oil production is not high, and most of it depends on imports.

In terms of oil content, experts said that the farther south palm oil is, the higher the oil saturation is, and the oleic acid content in Malaysian palm oil can reach 50%.

Experts reminded that although woody oil crops have both ecological and economic values, it is not advisable to plant woody oil plants by deforestation. The effective development of woody oil crops in the future needs further exploration.

In fact, there are many oil crops in China, such as corn, perilla and cotton, which are all excellent oil crops.

Review began on the banks of the Yellow River,

Over 5,000 years of farming history in China,

The ancestors expanded the boundaries of the fields step by step,

Explore the growth of crops,

Enrich the dining table of the people.

What other oil crops are you interested in?

Welcome to discuss with small farmers.

　

Yang Yantao, head of medical operation and scientific affairs of Nestle’s infant nutrition business unit, was interviewed by China Economic Net.

　　Economic Daily-China Economic Net Beijing News From June 23 to 25, the 2019 China International Food Safety and Innovative Technology Exhibition, one of the key activities of the National Food Safety Publicity Week hosted by China Economic Net, was held in Beijing. Yang Yantao, the head of medical operation and scientific affairs of Nestlé’ s infant nutrition business unit, introduced the research and development achievements of Nestlé’ s latest products during an interview with China Economic Net.

　　Yang Yantao introduced that Nestlé’ s attendance at the exhibition brought products for people with special health needs such as infants and pregnant women, some of which have not yet been listed in the domestic market, including the "upgraded version" of Super Nengren. "There are naturally more than 150 kinds of breast milk oligosaccharides with different structures in breast milk. Breast milk oligosaccharides are very helpful for children’s immune regulation, organ maturity and resistance to external bacteria." Yang Yantao said that Nestle added this research result to infant formula, "I hope this product can be listed in China as soon as possible to protect the healthy development of China baby."

　　In addition, Yang Yantao told reporters that for premature babies, there are special nutritional needs besides breastfeeding, so Nestle has developed a product composed of protein, minerals, vitamins and other ingredients to meet this demand, and adopted the latest PHF four-degree proteolysis technology in it, which can better benefit premature babies from breastfeeding.

At the scene of family help and education, the family members advised the prisoners: "Make a good transformation, we will wait for you to go home." Photo courtesy of Jianyang Prison

For prison police, how to manage and reform felons is definitely a "headache": they have been detained for a long time, their mood fluctuates greatly, they give up on themselves in the middle of serving their sentences, they often have suicidal thoughts, and even try their best to escape …

In the northern part of Fujian, there is such a special prison. Among thousands of criminals detained, the proportion of criminals whose original judgment is indefinite and whose death sentence is suspended is as high as 67%. Since 1980s, it has been the prison with the highest proportion of felons in Fujian Province.

This prison is Jianyang prison.

After the Criminal Law Amendment (VIII) and the new provisions of the Supreme Law on commutation and parole were promulgated, the frequency and extent of commutation were reduced accordingly, and more felons had to spend the rest of their lives in prison. The police in Jianyang Prison were facing new management challenges.

"Commutation was once the biggest motivation for criminals to reform. After the new regulations were adjusted, we need to let them find a new head in the high wall." Gao Qiuhua, director of Jianyang Prison, told The Paper, "In the new management period, the prison has adopted a series of measures such as family support and education, increasing labor remuneration, and introducing social resources to help and teach, so that felons can see hope in despair and confess their sins and repent while obeying discipline."

"Make a good transformation and come to see you on your 90th birthday."

I learned that my son Lin Cheng (pseudonym) had to spend at least 30 years in prison. After visiting the prison at the end of 2011, 79-year-old Wu Xiumei (pseudonym) left a sentence, "I am old, I can’t walk, and I can’t come to see you in the future. You should take care of yourself."

This sentence also disillusioned the 41-year-old Lin Cheng’s only inner sustenance, and muddling along and living negatively became his attitude towards life in prison. Previously, he was sentenced to death with a suspended sentence for robbery and murder, and was taken to Jianyang prison in September 2011.

For Lin Cheng when he first entered the prison, Yang Kaifeng, the head of the third prison area of Jianyang Prison, is still impressed. "The initiative of transformation is poor, and he soon became a backward element in the transformation of the sub-supervision area." Yang Kaifeng told The Paper that the police had educated him many times, but he was indifferent. He replied that "my sentence is longer than my life, so it doesn’t matter".

After many studies and analysis by the police in the prison area, it is considered that it is possible to influence and reform Lin Cheng through the way of family support and education. Later, Yang Kaifeng called Lin Cheng’s mother, Wu Xiumei, many times and invited her to meet with him if she had the conditions, so as to help her son correct his attitude and rebuild his confidence in the reform.

Perhaps moved by the prison’s spirit of helping and teaching, Wu Xiumei promised Lin Cheng "if you can make a good transformation, I will come to see you if my physical conditions permit."

With his mother’s promise, Lin Cheng, like a "changed person", began to actively cooperate with the reform of the prison and worked hard. "My mother is over 80 years old, and I don’t know if there is any chance to meet again." This sentence is also often hung on Lin Cheng’s lips.

In April 2018, Jianyang Prison decided to hold a special family education meeting on the eve of Mother’s Day. Lin Cheng, who had performed well before, was qualified to meet his family. Lin Cheng’s mother, Wu Xiumei, also promised to attend the help-and-education meeting.

Holding the flowers sent by Lin Cheng and the insoles made by himself, enjoying his son’s unskilled rubbing his shoulders and combing his hair, Wu Xiumei’s eyes filled with tears: "My son will make a good transformation, and I will come to see you when my 90th birthday comes." Lin Cheng, who was on the side, nodded his promise firmly with tears.

Kou Lixin, deputy director of Jianyang Prison, who is in charge of education and reform, said that since the 1980s, Jianyang Prison has become the main prison in Fujian Province for holding life imprisonment, death penalty suspended for two years and other felons. Among the thousands of criminals currently in custody, 67% are sentenced to death with a suspended sentence or life.

Compared with short-term criminals, the management of heavy criminals is much more difficult. Kou Lixin said that after entering the prison, most felons showed pessimism and despair, and their thoughts were decadent.

"Many people think that the prison term is longer than life, and they can’t see the hope and experience the significance of labor reform. Some old, weak and sick criminals feel that they will end up in prison. Even if they can leave prison after serving their sentences, how to integrate into society is a big problem." Yan Lixin said.

"We believe that in the new situation, in addition to reducing the sentence, felons should also be shown another direction, be able to plead guilty and repent, know the law and abide by the law, and at the same time see their own value and find new hope." Yan Lixin said.

In Jianyang Prison, a prisoner comforted his daughter: "Don’t cry, son, I will go home with you as soon as possible." Photo courtesy of Jianyang Prison

Limit the remuneration of prisoners in prison for three children to go to school.

Amendment (8) of the Criminal Law stipulates that the people’s court may, according to the circumstances of the crime, limit and reduce the sentence of recidivists sentenced to death with a suspended execution and criminals sentenced to death with a suspended execution for intentional homicide. If the suspended execution period is reduced to life imprisonment according to law, the execution term shall not be less than 25 years; if the suspended execution period is reduced to 25 years, the execution term shall not be less than 20 years.

Kou Lixin introduced that in prison, criminals who are restricted from reducing their sentences (referred to as "restricted criminals") are "felons" among felons, and generally serve their sentences for more than 30 years. Most of the criminals sentenced to this penalty have committed serious violent crimes or committed violent crimes many times. Many of them are pessimistic and disappointed about their future, and their psychology is seriously distorted, and their resistance to reform is particularly serious.

Such a special group, some minor contradictions may lead to huge conflicts, and it is very difficult to manage and educate well to limit and reduce crimes. This is also a difficult problem for prison management in the new period.

"When commutation is no longer the main driving force for their efforts to reform, our help and education work is to guide them to see hope from despair." Kou Lixin said that Jianyang Prison has launched new measures such as building a bridge of family ties and increasing labor remuneration in response to the reduction of prisoners.

In Jianyang Prison, the income from labor remuneration of prisoners with reduced sentences can be up to 30% higher than that of ordinary prisoners. Apart from daily expenses, the savings left after work will be more and more, which makes some prisoners with reduced sentences have the opportunity to feed their families. Liu Peng (a pseudonym), who served his sentence in the first ward of Jianyang Prison, is a successful example.

Liu Peng, from Mengxian County, Anhui Province, was given a suspended death sentence with limited commutation for committing robbery. After Liu Peng entered the prison in 2014, she was desperate for her life. The only thing she cared about was her unemployed wife and three underage children. In this family living on subsistence allowances, the tuition and living expenses of three children are big problems.

Under the guidance of the prison police, Liu Peng learned about the preferential labor remuneration policy for restricted criminals, which aroused his enthusiasm for work: "I used to do well in prison, but I can also help my family." After that, Liu Peng began to scrimp and save, and labor was also proactive.

In the past two years, with the approval of the prison leaders, Liu Peng remitted money to his home twice, the first time was 6,800 yuan, and the second time was 6,500 yuan. He began to realize that in prison, as long as he confessed and repented and actively reformed, he could also assume some family responsibilities.

"For this poor family, it is undoubtedly a huge sum." Kou Lixin said that now the three children in Liu Peng’s family have gone to school normally, their lives have gradually improved, and Liu Peng’s enthusiasm for reform is even higher.

A phone call across two prisons

On March 12, 2016, Mao Heng (pseudonym), who had been in isolation and strict management for nearly three months, was suddenly taken to the conversation room of the strict management team. The police said to him, "Pick up the phone."

To his surprise and surprise, there was a familiar and kind voice from his wife who had not seen each other for six years and was serving her sentence in a women’s prison. Tears could not help falling …

Tong Liang, the warden of the restricted prison, said that Mao Heng was sent to Jianyang Prison for reform in May 2013 because he was sentenced to a two-year suspension of execution and restricted commutation. After entering the prison, he repeatedly made negative reforms under the pretext of heart discomfort, and repeatedly violated prison regulations, and was classified as a stubborn and dangerous criminal (the prisoners who reformed negatively and were extremely dangerous, even against the police, were called "stubborn and dangerous criminals").

The leaders of the prison attached great importance to Mao Heng’s help and education, and talked with him many times, but never achieved the expected results. "His state at that time was like a beast. As long as he was released, he would bite at any time."

In the Spring Festival of 2016, Mao Heng suddenly expressed his mistake to the police of the strict management team, saying "surrender" and demanding that the isolation and strict management be lifted. When the leader of the prison talked with him, he tried every means to excuse him and didn’t admit his mistake. After that, he shouted in the dead of night and even hurt himself.

"The transformation methods for stubborn and dangerous criminals should be diverse, and it is necessary to teach students according to their needs, so as to find a breakthrough in transformation." Gao Qiuhua, director of Jianyang Prison, said.

The rectification and tackling group of Jianyang Prison Education Department, together with the restricted prison area, began to further analyze the internal reasons for Mao Heng’s violation of regulations and resistance to reform: First, the sentence was long; Second, the wife is serving her sentence and has no family support; Third, the level of cultural education is low, which is influenced by the same reform with poor performance, resulting in distorted self-esteem.

Subsequently, the prison area adjusted the idea of helping and educating Mao Heng. According to his correspondence, his wife, Sun Mou, served her sentence in Fujian Women’s Prison and performed well in reform. She also won the provincial-level reform activist in 2015, and she often advised him to adjust his mentality and make a good reform. Therefore, the restricted prison area proposed to give Mao Heng a special help and education-contact his wife and persuade him to help and teach through family phone calls.

With the support of the prison leaders and the leaders of Fujian Women’s Prison, a special phone call across the two places and the high wall connected the couple.

Tong Liang, the supervisor of the limited reduction supervision area, said that on the phone, his wife Sun advised Mao Heng to make a good transformation, and neither she nor her parents would abandon him. Mao Heng nodded to his wife’s words frequently, and his cheeks were covered with tears. He promised to make a good transformation, give his wife a hope and give himself a hope.

After this phone call, Mao Heng carefully wrote a letter of criticism. After lifting the strict control and returning to the restricted prison area, he also made a review among all prisoners, warning the same reform not to take his stupid road of resisting reform.

Gao Qiuhua, director of Jianyang Prison, told The Paper, "After a felon is sentenced, his family and social relations will bring about great changes, which will have a strong impact on the psychological changes of criminals. As a discipline cadre, we should pay close attention to these changes, grasp them in time, take active precautions, and provide effective help and education according to different situations through thorough analysis."

According to the materials provided by Jianyang Prison, there has been no escape case for 15 years since 2003, and the conversion rate of stubborn and dangerous criminals in the past five years is 86.8%, which is higher than that of ordinary prisons. Because of the outstanding achievements in the reform of restricted criminals, in December 2016, Jianyang Prison was also awarded the title of "National Advanced Collective of Judicial Administration System" by the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security.

Decision-making is the starting point of administrative behavior, and standardizing decision-making behavior is the focus of standardizing administrative power and the front end of building a government ruled by law. Whether the administrative organs can make decisions according to law directly reflects the level of their administration according to law, directly determines the comprehensive and correct performance of government functions, and directly relates to the realization of the basic goal of building a government ruled by law in 2020.

Over the years, in the process of promoting administration according to law, administrative organs at all levels have accumulated a lot of good experiences and good practices in making decisions according to law, and the level of legalization of decision-making has been continuously improved. However, there is insufficient respect for objective laws in decision-making, insufficient listening to the opinions of the masses, and serious problems such as arbitrary decision-making, illegal decision-making, arbitrary decision-making, and decision-making without decision-making, which have harmed national interests, infringed on the rights and interests of the masses and affected the image of the party and government. In order to further promote administration according to law and speed up the construction of a government ruled by law, it is urgent to improve the decision-making mechanism according to law, introduce a unified system of major administrative decision-making procedures, clarify major administrative decision-making matters, subjects, authorities, procedures and responsibilities, make efforts to promote the rule of law in key areas such as major reforms, major planning, major people’s livelihood, major government investments and construction projects, regulate decision-making behavior with scientific and rigid decision-making system constraints, effectively improve decision-making quality, strive to control decision-making risks, and promptly correct illegal and improper decisions.

At the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, it was put forward that "public participation, expert argumentation, risk assessment, legality review, and collective discussion decisions should be determined as legal procedures for major administrative decisions", which is a clear requirement for improving the main contents of the decision-making mechanism according to law. It is necessary to formulate laws and regulations on major administrative decision-making procedures, clearly standardize the key contents and steps of the five procedures, and bring major administrative decisions into the track of rule of law.

Public participation. Public participation is an important embodiment of democratic decision-making, and it is also the most direct and close decision-making procedure with the masses. The more solid, detailed and thorough the public participation in decision-making, the more solid the social foundation of decision-making, and the more conducive to the implementation and implementation after the decision. It is necessary to grasp the demands of the public "I want to participate" and the limits of the administrative organs "I can do it", and adhere to "limited matters, various ways, well-founded adoption and active promotion". "Limited matters" means to listen to the opinions of the public, especially interested parties, in a variety of ways for major livelihood decisions or matters involving the vital interests of the public. By "various ways", we can go deep into the grassroots and get close to the masses by means of forums, public solicitation of opinions, hearings, questionnaires, field visits, etc., and fully understand the opinions and suggestions of various groups whose vital interests are affected, especially the vulnerable groups. "Evidence-based adoption" means to take public opinions as an important reference for decision-making, carefully study public opinions and make follow-up treatment, fully adopt reasonable opinions, effectively solve legal demands, strengthen research and argumentation, negotiate and coordinate repeatedly on issues with major differences, and give timely public feedback on the adoption and reasons of public opinions and the government’s opinions and considerations, so that even if the final decision cannot satisfy everyone, most people can accept it with relief. "Actively promoting" means first of all, doing the "prescribed actions" required by laws and regulations, never "going through the motions" and actively creating conditions.Boldly try to use Weibo, WeChat and other innovative ways to promote public participation.

Expert argumentation. Expert argumentation is an important embodiment of scientific decision-making Scientific decision-making does not require the staff of administrative organs to become scientists and experts who know everything, but to have basic scientific thinking, know how to hand over professional and technical problems to experts, be good at organizing experts to conduct scientific argumentation and evaluation, respect expert opinions, and put an end to patting their heads and making decisions by feeling, or making decisions based on personal experience limited to one thing at a time. To do a good job of expert argumentation, we must "select experts, use experts well and treat experts well". "Selecting experts" means perfecting the expert selection mechanism, breaking the "hidden rules" of choosing obedient experts who only say "yes" and "good", and truly taking professional ability, qualification, experience and integrity as the main selection criteria. "Make good use of experts" means to provide necessary support for argumentation, so that experts can carry out argumentation work on the basis of fully understanding information such as policy background and decision-making objectives; Establish an open system of expert argumentation, and urge them to put forward their argumentation opinions objectively, independently, scientifically and responsibly through an open mechanism. "Treating experts well" means providing proper courtesy and reasonable remuneration, and giving appropriate incentives; Take the argument seriously and feed back the adoption to show full respect.

Risk assessment. In the world, there are no things that are harmful but not beneficial, and in reality, there are no decisions that are beneficial but not risky. Taking risk assessment as the legal procedure of decision-making is an important measure to prevent decision-making risks and reduce decision-making mistakes, which can ensure that decision-makers make decisions on the basis of a comprehensive and clear understanding of the negative effects of decision-making. China’s decision-making risk assessment is still in its infancy, and there are some problems, such as unprofessional and neutral evaluation institutions, imperfect evaluation mechanism and opaque evaluation process. To carry out decision-making risk assessment, it is necessary to achieve "comprehensive evaluation, comprehensive evaluation and controllable risk". "Assessment should be done" means that major decision-making matters should be investigated for major risk sources and points. If it is found that there are risks such as social stability, environment and economy after investigation, risk assessment should be conducted in accordance with regulations to assess the possible adverse effects caused by the implementation of the decision, as well as the rationality, feasibility and controllability of the decision-making scheme. No decision shall be made if the risk assessment should be carried out without assessment. "Comprehensive evaluation" means to weigh and comprehensively judge by many parties, comprehensively search for risk sources and risk points through public opinion tracking, sampling survey, key interviews, consultation and analysis, scientifically predict and comprehensively judge the risks that may be caused by decision-making, determine the risk level realistically, and put forward risk prevention measures and solutions in a targeted manner. "Controllable risk" means to take the conclusion of risk assessment as an important basis for decision-making, and whether the risk is controllable as an important criterion for decision-making, so as to ensure prudent decision-making on the basis of overall consideration, and not to ignore the risk and make decisions indiscriminately.You can’t be swayed by considerations of loss and dare not make decisions. In the process of decision-making, if it is assessed that most people have opinions and strong reactions, which may lead to large-scale mass incidents, they should make a decision not to implement it according to the situation, or adjust the decision-making plan and reduce the risk level before making a decision. If it is considered that the risk can be controlled and a decision can be made, we should also seize the opportunity to implement the responsibilities and measures for risk prevention and resolution before the decision.

Legitimacy review. Legitimacy review is an important guarantee for decision-making according to law. With the gradual establishment of the concept of decision-making according to law, it has become a common practice in decision-making practice in various regions and departments to entrust legal institutions with the legality review of policy and measure decisions such as issuing normative documents and government concluding contracts. However, there are also some problems, such as: the scope of the items under review is limited and has not covered all areas of government decision-making; The review power and ability of legal institutions are still relatively weak, and they cannot undertake more review tasks; The censorship is still not strict, and in many cases, we can only "open the way" and not let "set up checkpoints". Taking the legality review as the legal procedure of decision-making, the legal institution is required to comprehensively review the legal issues involved in decision-making from the following aspects, and put forward the review opinions: First, whether the decision-making matters are well-founded in the law, and if it is considered that they are not within the statutory authority of the decision-making organ after review, it is suggested not to make a decision or to submit them to the competent authority for examination and approval and authorization according to the regulations. Second, whether the decision-making procedure is performed according to law, if the legal procedure is not performed or the performance procedure does not meet the requirements, it is recommended to make corrections or re-perform the relevant procedures. The third is whether the decision-making content is in compliance with the law. If it is considered that the decision-making plan, alternative plan or risk prevention and resolution measures are not in compliance with relevant laws, regulations, rules and national policies, it is recommended to make amendments. Without the legality review or the review is illegal, it shall not be submitted to the meeting for discussion.

Collective discussion and decision. Collective discussion and decision-making is an important part of democratic decision-making. The organic laws of local people’s congresses and local people’s governments at various levels stipulate that major issues in government work must be discussed and decided by the executive meeting or plenary meeting of the government. It can be seen that collective discussion and decision-making is a necessary institutional form to implement the chief executive responsibility system, and no decision can be made on major decision-making matters without collective discussion. The purpose of collective discussion is to help executive heads better understand the situation, brainstorm and make decisions. In practice, it has become a common practice for most administrative organs to hold collective discussions before making major decisions. Adhere to the collective discussion and decision, and require the administrative organs to do the following: First, the form of deliberation conforms to the law. Major administrative decisions shall be discussed and decided by the executive meeting of the government, the plenary meeting or the meeting of the leading group of the department. Second, the deliberation process fully promotes democracy. The deliberation process cannot be a "nodding meeting" for the members of the meeting and a "centralized statement" for the chief executive. The organizer shall introduce the decision-making plan and its legal, regulatory and policy basis, the relevant information about the implementation of the legal procedures for decision-making, the different opinions put forward by various parties and the research and handling situation, etc., and the members of the meeting shall fully express their opinions. The opinions, discussions and decisions of the chief executive and other members of the meeting shall be truthfully recorded.

(The author is the deputy director of the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council)

(ZiguanggemagazineAuthorized People’s Daily Online-the Communist Party of China (CPC) Press Release, please do not reprint.) 　 　

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　　The new generation of Toyota RAV4 has been unveiled recently and is expected to be officially launched before the end of this year at the earliest.

　　The front face of the new generation RAV4 Rongfang is equipped with a large-size air intake grille, and the interior is blackened. The matrix LED headlights on both sides are matched with the trim under the front bumper, and the lower surround is blackened, making the new generation RAV4 Rongfang very delicate. The waist line design of the new RAV4 Rongfang is very smooth. It not only runs the waist line from the front to the rear of the car, but also creates a strong sense of movement for the new RAV4 Rongfang. The rear of the new RAV4 Rongfang is equipped with a split LED tail light. The inside of the tail light is blackened. The addition of silver trim also creates a good sense of hierarchy for the new RAV4 Rongfang.

　　The new RAV4 Rongfang adopts a simple interior design concept. The center console is mainly composed of an LCD instrument panel and a floating central control display, with a three-spoke multi-function steering wheel. It is worth mentioning that the new RAV4 Rongfang’s Toyota Safety Sense active safety system includes functions such as adaptive cruise, automatic emergency braking, lane keeping assistance, pedestrian detection, 360-degree panoramic images, wireless charging, etc. These functions of the new RAV4 Rongfang not only improve the driving experience, but also provide full safety protection for the driver.

　　The new RAV4 Rongfang offers a variety of power options to consumers with different needs, including gasoline, hybrid, and plug-in hybrid (PHEV). The 2.5L four-cylinder engine version is equipped with an 8-speed automatic transmission, with a maximum output of 203 horsepower; the hybrid version uses Toyota’s latest THS second-generation hybrid system, with a combined output of 219 horsepower; the PHEV version is equipped with a high-performance battery pack, and the pure electric range alone reaches 60 kilometers. Therefore, the PHEV version of the new RAV4 Rongfang is also very suitable for urban commuting. The starting price of the new generation RAV4 Rongfang’s basic model is expected to be around $27,000 (about RMB 180,000). (Source: Toyota)

　　CCTV News:At present, the number of newly confirmed cases in the world has rebounded for the second week in a row, and the number of newly infected local people in China is still at a high level, and the scope of the affected cities continues to expand. The National Health and Wellness Commission stressed that it is necessary to continue to adhere to the "dynamic zero clearing", at the same time improve the level of scientific and precise prevention and control, and constantly optimize the epidemic prevention and control measures.

　　Improve the ability of early warning and response to epidemic situation and realize social zero clearing as soon as possible

　　At present, the epidemic situation in Jilin City and Changchun City is in the stage of sustainable development, and the epidemic situation in Shanghai, Hebei, Fujian and Liaoning is growing rapidly. The epidemic situation in Qingdao, Weihai, Zibo, Shenzhen and Dongguan in Guangdong has been initially controlled. The epidemic situation in Beijing, Chongqing and Zhejiang tends to be stable. The National Health and Wellness Commission said that it is necessary to continue to adhere to the general policy of "dynamic zero clearing", improve the ability of epidemic monitoring, early warning and emergency response, scientifically organize nucleic acid and antigen testing, and promote that infected people should be fully collected and close contacts should be separated, so as to realize social zero clearing as soon as possible.

　　Establishing enterprises in epidemic-free residential areas in Quanzhou, Fuzhou to prevent and control production

　　In order to coordinate the prevention and control of epidemic situation and economic and social development, Fuzhou and Quanzhou are actively promoting the establishment of epidemic-free communities, communities and enterprises. Party member cadres, community workers and residents take the initiative to participate in social control of epidemic prevention and protect healthy homes. The enterprise carries out nucleic acid detection on employees once every two days, adopts a separate meal system for dining, and carries out all-round disinfection on workshops and factories every day.

　　Shenzhen optimizes prevention and control strategies to ensure "steady growth" with "precise prevention"

　　On March 24th, Shenzhen achieved the first social "dynamic clearing" since the current epidemic. On the basis of continuously optimizing epidemic prevention and control measures, Shenzhen has taken 30 specific measures to help all walks of life to restore production and business activities and normal working order in an orderly manner, and to ensure "steady growth" with "precise prevention".

　　Shandong: The prevention and control of epidemic situation is stabilizing and improving, and the hoof of returning to work and resuming production is steady.

　　At the press conference held on the afternoon of March 25th, the Information Office of Shandong Provincial People’s Government said that Binzhou City had achieved "dynamic zero clearing" for three consecutive days, and the situation of epidemic prevention and control in the province was further consolidated. Prior to this, Laixi in Qingdao had achieved social clearing. As of the 23rd, the recovery rate of industrial enterprises above designated size reached 93%.

　　Continuously improve the level of accurate prevention and control of zoning, grading and differentiation

　　The analysis pointed out that the current situation of epidemic prevention and control in China is still very complicated. It is necessary to continuously improve the level of accurate prevention and control by zoning and grading, quickly and effectively deal with the clustered epidemic in some areas, strive to achieve the maximum prevention and control effect at the minimum cost, and minimize the impact of the epidemic on economic and social development.

　　On June 3rd, the 2nd General Assembly of Global Health Forum of Boao Forum for Asia was held in Qingdao, with 20 sub-forums, 4 salons and many important activities. Around the hot topics of public concern, such as epidemic prevention and control, vaccination, etc., many experts, including Zhang Wenhong, Zheng Zhongwei and Li Lanjuan, who came to the meeting, discussed and exchanged ideas and made the latest judgments.

　　When will the world resume normal personnel exchanges? Will COVID-19 be vaccinated every year like the flu vaccine in the future? In response to these public concerns, Zhang Wenhong, director of the Infectious Diseases Department of Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University and director of the National Center for Infectious Diseases, gave his latest judgment at the relevant sub-forums of the Boao Forum for Asia Global Health Forum: "The conditional resumption of contacts in the world will begin in the second half of this year. We hope that China can conditionally resume contacts with some countries in the first half of next year, depending on the vaccination speed. In the end, whether we need to vaccinate repeatedly depends on how many people are infected or relapse after vaccination at the end of the second year. "

　　Recently, there have been new confirmed cases or asymptomatic infected people in many parts of the country. The epidemic situation is characterized by rapid spread and strong spread of strains, and the situation of epidemic prevention and control is still grim. Li Lanjuan, an academician of China Academy of Engineering and director of the State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, said in an interview that at present, we cannot relax our vigilance in epidemic prevention and control. Finding and controlling the source of infection, cutting off the route of transmission and protecting susceptible people are the three most important tasks: "We should test people and seafood from outside, and if we find them isolated, it will not spread. Often found in time, it will spread in a local area. We must continue to strengthen the control of imported epidemics. "

　　Vaccination is the most effective way to protect susceptible people. According to the latest data from National Health Commission, as of June 2nd, China has received more than 700 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine. Academician Li Lanjuan said that to establish an effective group immunity barrier, it is necessary to continue to promote large-scale vaccination. She said that she had received two injections of COVID-19 vaccine, and specially tested the antibody: "Although vaccination has been carried out on a large scale (at home), it has not reached the level of immune barrier. Only when 70% people are vaccinated and an immune barrier is established can a relatively large-scale epidemic not occur. Therefore, we must continue to increase the intensity of vaccination. "

　　(Reporter from the General Desk, Mou Wei, Yu Tingting, Wang Wei, Luo Wei)

　　July 11, 2019 is the 30th World Population Day, with the theme of "25th anniversary of the International Conference on Population and Development: accelerating the process and fulfilling the promise", which advocates making persistent efforts on the basis of the framework of the International Conference on Population and Development and raising awareness of how the choices and opportunities of girls and women have changed since the Conference.
　　
　　Twenty-five years ago, the Third International Conference on Population and Development was held in Cairo. More than 15,000 delegates from 182 countries and regions attended the conference. The Programme of Action adopted at the end of the conference made a commitment: "To formulate a new action agenda for empowering women to ensure their full participation in the social, economic and political life of their communities at all levels."
　　
　　The pursuit of rights and choices is a continuous process. Twenty-five years ago, due to the lack of contraceptives and economic and institutional obstacles, hundreds of millions of women could not enjoy the reproductive choices brought by contraceptives, and they could not choose whether to get pregnant, when to get pregnant, how often to get pregnant and who to get pregnant. Today, women’s social status has improved, and more and more women have truly realized their reproductive choices. They pay more attention to their personality independence and become an indispensable force to promote social development.
　　
　　"I’m glad I helped so many women."

　　Tafta • Sharjah is one of the six women mentioned in the 2019 edition of the State of World Population Report. Her experience has witnessed the change of women’s rights in her country.
　　
　　Tafta • Sharjah is from Albania. When she was a teenager, she always wanted to go to university to study and become a doctor. However, due to various reasons, it did not happen. After graduating from high school, she attended a one-year course to train nursing midwives, which really changed her life track.
　　
　　After the training, Tafta was assigned to a remote village lacking medical facilities, medical personnel and medical supplies. Despite the difficult conditions, she is always full of enthusiasm for pre-natal care, delivery and baby care … … "I helped a lot of people, because many deliveries were carried out at home — — There were not so many medical centers at that time. I am very happy that I have helped so many women. "
　　
　　Tafta has two children. She bluntly said that if it weren’t for family economic reasons, she would have given birth to more. Later, when she was pregnant again, like the eastern European women of that era, she chose to have an abortion.
　　
　　The chaos in the early 1990s also had its positive side. A large number of Albanians have flooded into Italy and Greece and come into contact with new ideas and new ways of working and living. Tafta said: "We started to contact with another world and diverse perspectives. Before that, all we heard was the argument that everything outside Albania was bad."
　　
　　Now, life in Albania is improving, she said. She believes that her daughter and grandchildren will have more choices and opportunities. On the one hand, today’s contraceptives have been supplied free of charge on a large scale; On the other hand, her little daughter has become a police officer — — This fully reflects the changing of the old concept of gender equality.
　　
　　Tafta has been fighting cancer, and she is determined to watch her granddaughter grow up and stick to it. "I don’t want the tumor to take away my best things," she said. "As long as I have energy, I will try my best to help others."
　　
　　"In colleges and universities in China, I hope more students can participate in youth and healthy peer education."

　　Young people provide endless creativity for social development, but with the early sexual maturity and the delay of marriage age, young people are facing the challenges brought by severe reproductive health problems. According to a national survey released in 2010, 22.4% of people aged 15-24 in China have had sex, and more than 20% of young women who have had premarital sex have experienced unwanted pregnancy. More than 50% of young people have unmet needs for reproductive health services to varying degrees. The reproductive health of young people is becoming one of the important factors affecting the healthy development of young people in China.
　　
　　Young people are more accustomed to getting knowledge about sexual and reproductive health from friends and classmates who have similar experiences and background knowledge. In mid-2004, a national youth organization — — China youth network was founded under the initiative and organization of China Family Planning Association (CFPA). It became the first youth volunteer organization in China to carry out peer education on sexual and reproductive health for young people aged 10-24 and advocate sexual and reproductive health and rights.
　　
　　He Shanshan, a student in Tsinghua University, is one of the core members of china youth network. She has been a volunteer for five years. When she was just a volunteer for adolescent health, He Shanshan encountered many difficulties. "Sometimes when we carry out activities at school, we will encounter situations where no one participates or the school does not support it. Some college students have misconceptions about sex and reproductive health. It is also difficult to change. I was impressed once when we talked about the specific use of condoms in a university. Some students stood up and slammed the door because they didn’t understand us. "
　　
　　When talking about people’s misunderstanding of sex education, He Shanshan said: "We advocate comprehensive sex education and provide suitable sex education for children of all ages from 5 to 18. For young people, not only talk about sex, but tell them how to know their bodies and deal with intimate relationships. Gender equality is equality between men and women, and men’s rights also need to be protected. We must break the stereotype of gender. "
　　
　　Speaking of the changes in these five years, He Shanshan said: "In the past, the content of sex education was to teach girls to say ‘ No ’ Now we are more telling girls how to protect themselves and communicate with their partners if they don’t want children or get sick. Every girl should have the right to choose the size of her family and the interval between giving birth to children, rather than becoming a fertility tool. "
　　
　　Last October, as a youth representative of the IPPF Asia Region, He Shanshan went to Kuala Lumpur to attend the regional council and met Joshua from Tonga, an Oceania island country. He was the representative of the last IPPF Asia Region, and He Shanshan took the baton from him. He brought good news. In June 2018, he was awarded the "Queen Young Leader Award" by Queen Elizabeth II. When Joshua was in high school, because his friends had suffered from sexually transmitted diseases, he realized that sexual and reproductive health was affecting the healthy lives of young people in Tonga, so he began to participate in the training of comprehensive sex education. Since then, he has been doing his best until he handed over the baton to He Shanshan. There are still many global youth health volunteers with similar experiences. They have been subtly influencing everyone around them with their understanding, care and sense of responsibility.
　　
　　"We not only represent the youth and the country, we are working hard for the whole cause, and the international environment is very friendly, which has always encouraged our young people to speak out." He Shanshan said.
　　
　　"Dance of Youth and Healthy Life" gathers the power of upward growth.

　　Hu Lan (third from left) is at the event site.

　　"How do women protect themselves in the face of partner pressure? Let me tell you a story that happened around me … …” In the auditorium of a factory in Longgang District, Shenzhen, a "Dance of Youth and Healthy Life" project is going to the "story sharing" link. The narrator of the story is Xiaoxue, a volunteer of the youth health project and a working girl who came to Shenzhen from Hunan.
　　
　　The lights gradually dimmed, and the crowd gradually became quiet. Everyone’s eyes were fixed on Xiaoxue. Xiaoxue’s thoughts returned to the unforgettable experience of her best girlfriend eight years ago with soft music: in her early twenties, at the best age of her life, Xiaoxue’s girlfriend suffered an unexpected pregnancy. Her so-called boyfriend chose to escape because he was at a loss. Xiaoxue accompanied her best friend to a small clinic and had an induced abortion. Less than a year later, the same situation was staged again. Because she was afraid of the eyes of the people around her, her best friend chose to go to a small clinic with poor medical and health conditions, and repeated surgical injuries caused great harm to her body and mind, which also laid a hidden danger for Xiaoxue’s best friend’s marriage and childbearing life.
　　
　　When the story was finished, the music stopped and the scene was quiet. Xiaoxue broke the silence: "At that time, we were very young, and no one taught us about sex. We didn’t know how to protect ourselves. The fluky psychology and partner pressure when getting along with close partners all caused great harm to many women like my best friend. After listening to the story, I believe everyone should have their own answers." This is a fragment of the "Dance of Youth and Healthy Life" project entering the factory to carry out activities.
　　
　　“‘ Dance of youth and healthy life ’ It is an international youth project jointly introduced to China by the China Family Planning Association and the United Nations Population Fund. It is a youth project with music and dance as the carrier, psychological model activities as the foundation, and sexual and reproductive health as the core of knowledge to guide young people to establish positive sexual concepts and attitudes towards life. " Hu Lan, the organizer of this activity, is the deputy stationmaster of Fuchengao Community Workstation in Pinghu Street, Longgang District, Shenzhen, and she is also the trainer of the international headquarters of the "Dance of Youth and Healthy Life" project. She told CCTV reporters that she is interpreting comprehensive education in a way that young people like, affecting not only women but also men.
　　
　　A factory doctor once took Hu Lan’s hand and said, "I really hope your activities can be carried out for a long time. There are too many female workers, and they need to strengthen their awareness of self-protection." Hu Lan said that some factory leaders hope to add the content of sex and reproductive health education to the induction training of new employees. She saw that more and more people in society realized the importance of sex education.
　　
　　The activities organized by Hu Lan not only entered the community factory, but also reached the middle school students. "In the past, when talking about gender topics in physical health classes in primary and secondary schools, teachers would say: ‘ Look at these two pages for yourself ’ . Now we have the opportunity to enter the school, not only to talk about knowledge points, but also to transmit an idea, which is welcomed by students. "
　　
　　In recent years, news such as "teenage pregnancy" and "children being sexually abused" have been exposed in the media. Parents and schools generally recognize the necessity of sex education, but there are still ambiguous attitudes about the way and degree of sex education, and even take evasive actions.
　　
　　At present, Hu Lan’s community still enters primary and secondary schools with short-term and decentralized themes, such as "welcoming adolescence", "preventing sexual harassment" and "staying away from AIDS", or carries out project activities in schools that are very supportive of project activities as a whole class.
　　
　　At the same time, Hu Lan also expressed his confusion. With the adjustment of the national population policy and the shift of the focus of local government work, the grassroots youth health education team is unstable. Many social workers can no longer engage in youth health education because of job adjustment, so they can only participate in it in their spare time.
　　
　　Take the area where Hu Lan is located as an example. In 2016, there were 225 young pioneers in Pinghu Street, Longgang District, Shenzhen for rotation training, and a core youth pioneer team of 30 people was formed to carry out youth health education activities in streets with a population of about 500,000. After the institutional adjustment, 80% of the staff are currently diverted to other departments. At present, only the members of the core team of the project are relatively stable, and the data is just a microcosm of the loss of local basic youth health education personnel. Although there is a constant inflow of fresh blood, the cost of time and technology has affected the development of youth health education.
　　
　　In sharp contrast to the sharp drop in personnel, schools, enterprises and community service centers that have conducted youth health education have a rising practical need for youth health education.
　　
　　As a person who has served in the front line of the community for a long time, Hu Lan and his colleagues have seen too many real cases. They carefully prepare and carry out every activity with enthusiasm and expectation. Instead of flowery words and many grand slogans, what they have is a heart full of sincerity and social responsibility. Hu Lan said that the children’s "seeking help" when they encounter troubles, the trust of community residents and the support of teachers and leaders who care about the cause of youth health education have all given them great motivation to work. "A single spark can start a prairie fire." Hu Lan said that she would like to be that little flame, hot and strong. (Text/Feng Songyi)